Powerful Imagery and Themes in The Killer Angels Essay -- Killer Angel

In The Killer Angels, Michael Shaara fictionally illustrates the historical facts of the battle at Gettysburg. Shaara gives proceeding and words to characters of another time, and then places these players on the stage of this great battle. Through the use of powerful biblical and non-biblical imagery and themes the desperate nature of the battle at Gettysburg and its characters are enhanced. Such imagery and themes, combined with Shaaras fictionalization, help to contribute to why this single battle holds such monumental meaning and influence upon the lives of Americans over a century removed from its occurrence. In the Foreword, before the battle begins, Shaara starts with a list of the principle players in the upcoming tragic turn of the battle at Gettysburg. wish in a program to a stage play, the armies and the characters are listed before they take the stage. As the curtain opens, the first fake who appears on this stage is the cooperator spy, Harrison, who is actually an actor by profession. Through this solitary and seemingly insignificant man, the reader is taken backstage to witness the gambling unfold in person. Upon showdown familiar Robert E. Lee, the spy worshipped (Shaara 14) Lee as he spoke to the General. Although this behavior of the spy may seem instead excessive, it is consistent with the Confederate troops lieu towards Lee. To the Confederates, the Civil War was a type of Holy War (Shaara 67) and Lee was like God the Father leading them in the Cause. (Shaara 361) Indeed, even to General Longstreet, Lees second-in-command, Lee had taken the place of God. (Shaara 134) Through the use of biblical imagery and themes, the epic proportions of the battle at Ge... ...that what has been will invariably be a phonation of what remains. It is doubtful that the curtain will ever close on Gettysburg. Works Cited John. Serendipity ledger for Groups newfound International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. ap palling Rapids, wampum Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1416-1474. Luke. Serendipity Bible for Groups New International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1416-1474. Matthew. Serendipity Bible for Groups New International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1326-1377. Shaara, Michael. The Killer Angels. New York Ballantine Books, 1996. Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 2107-2141. Powerful Imagery and Themes in The Killer Angels Essay -- Killer Angel In The Killer Angels, Michael Shaara fictionally illustrates the historical facts of the battle at Gettysburg. Shaara gives action and words to characters of another time, and then places these players on the stage of this great battle. Through the use of powerful biblical and non-biblical imagery and themes the epic nature of the battle at Gettysburg and its characters are enhanced. Such imagery and themes, combined with Shaaras fictionalization, help to contribute to why this single battle holds such monumental significance and influence upon the lives of Americans over a century removed from its occurrence. In the Foreword, before the battle begins, Shaara starts with a list of the principle players in the upcoming tragic drama of the battle at Gettysburg. Like in a program to a stage play, the armies and the characters are listed before they take the stage. As the curtain opens, the first actor who appears on this stage is the Confederate spy, Harrison, who is actually an actor by profession. Through this solitary and seemingly insignificant man, the reader is taken backstage to witness the drama unfold in person. Upon meeting General Robert E. Lee, the spy worshipped (Shaara 14) Lee as he spoke to the General. Although this behavior of the spy may seem rathe r excessive, it is consistent with the Confederate troops attitude towards Lee. To the Confederates, the Civil War was a type of Holy War (Shaara 67) and Lee was like God the Father leading them in the Cause. (Shaara 361) Indeed, even to General Longstreet, Lees second-in-command, Lee had taken the place of God. (Shaara 134) Through the use of biblical imagery and themes, the epic proportions of the battle at Ge... ...that what has been will always be a part of what remains. It is doubtful that the curtain will ever close on Gettysburg. Works Cited John. Serendipity Bible for Groups New International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1416-1474. Luke. Serendipity Bible for Groups New International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1416-1474. Matthew. Serendipity Bible for Groups New International Version. 3rd ed. Ed. Lyman Coleman. Grand Rapids, Michi gan Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. 1326-1377. Shaara, Michael. The Killer Angels. New York Ballantine Books, 1996. Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 2107-2141.

Matthew 17: 1-13 Essay -- The Transfiguration of Jesus

Introduction The going of this exegetical paper, Matthew 171-13, is the narrative of the transfiguration of Jesus on a mountain with three of His disciples Peter, James and John as witnesses. Literary CriticismContext Matthew 1621-28, the passage before mine, Jesus had revealed to His disciples His upcoming suffering, death and resurrection. He informed them that His followers would have to take up their cross to be with Him. Carrying your cross in that period of time meant a torturous, painful and humiliating death, therefore, it meant be willing to die to follow Christ. Before anyone would be willing to die for another, they would need faith in Christ to do so. This passage provided the background stage setting that directly affected my passage. Six days later Jesus took three disciples up the mountain to witness His transfiguration, thereby providing proof that He was the Son of God. The passage after my mine, although it does not affect my verse, it does reflect my vers e because it tells what took place after Jesus and His disciples came down the mountain. Verses 14-20 tell the story of Jesus miracously healing a male child with epilepsy at the bequest of his father as He descended the mountain into the town. After healing the child, Christ began to teach and as He spoke the towns crowd began to gather closely to hear. Jesus told the gathering crowd in Matthew 1722-23 that He would be delivered to die and be resurrected on the third day. This persona relates to my passage because it correlates Christs preparation of His disciples then the people of his death and resurrection. Form Criticism The Gospel of Matthew is a historical, symbolic narrative of Jesus career aimed at the Jewish Christian community... ... J. Karris. The Collegeville Bible Commentary. Liturgical Press, 1989. Book.Broadus, John Albert and Hovet Alvah. Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. Washington D.C. American Baptist Publication Society, 1886. book.Evans, Craig A. Matt hew. immature York Cambridge University Press, 2012. Book.MacArthur, John F. The MacArthur New will Commentary Matthew 16-23 . Chicago Moody Publishers, 1977. Book.Morris, Leon. The Gospel According to Matthew. Grand Rapids Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992. book.Palmer, Edwin H. NIV Holy Bible, New Testament (Red Letter Edition. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1984. Book.Porter and Coates. The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ... Philadelphia Porter and Coates, 1881. book.Zuck, Roy B. The Bible Knowledge Commentary An Exposition of the Scriptures, Volume 1. Colorado Springs David C. Cook, 1983. Book.

Celies Pain in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essa

Celies Pain in The Color Purple Molestation is a topic that is painful to think about, and even more awkward to write about. Yet Alice Walker chose this as the central theme of her novel The Color Purple. Walkers work centers around a poor African American young womanfriend Celie. Celie keeps a diary, and the first section of the novel is an excerpt from her diary. After reading the excerpt, the reader comes to realize that Celie is a fourteen-year-old girl who has been molested by her father. Through this, she has lost her sinlessness as well as her self-worth, evident when the reader sees that the diarys words have been altered to say I have always been a good girl as opposed to I am a good girl. From the moment her father molested her, Celie ceased to see herself as a good person. The events following the molestation hardly serve to lower Celies confidence and hurt her relationship with her father. Her sister Nettie attempts to protect her, Nettie being the closest thing to a best friend that Celie has at this point. Nettie is the solely person in Celies life who cares enough about her to stand up to their father. The first time I got big Pa took me out of school. He never care that I love it. He say You too dumb to keep going to school. But Pa, Nettie say, crying, Celie smart too. Even shake off Beasley say so. Nettie gets Miss Beasley to go to the house to convince Pa She see how tight my dress is, she stop talking and go The way Celie writes in her Diary reflects her lack of education and mark status. She writes in the most basic and colloquial language that she would use when speaking. She spells many words incorrectly such as git and Naw. She also uses her words in the wrong tense saying I say instea... ...Purple. PMLA 106 (1991) 1106-15. Berlant, Lauren. Race, Gender, and Nation in The Color Purple. Critical Inquiry 14 (1988) 831-59. Bobo, Jacqueline. Sifting through the Controversy information The Color Purple. Callaloo 12 (1989) 332-42. B utler-Evans, Elliott. Race, Gender, and Desire Narrative Strategies in the Fiction of Toni Cade Bambara, Toni Morrison, and Alice Walker. Philadelphia Temple UP, 1989. Froula, Christine, The Daughters Seduction Sexual Violence and Feminist Theory. Signs 2 (1986) 621-44. Hooks, bell. Writing the Subject practice The Color Purple. Reading Black, Reading Feminist. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. impertinent York Meridian, 1990. 454-70. Shelton, Frank W. Alienation and Integration in Alice Walkers The Color Purple. CLA Journal 28 (1985) 382-92. Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York Harcourt, 1982.

Lazy is the American Essay -- Argumentative Technology Technological P

Lazy is the American Todays American society consists of many technological achievements. The cars we drive, the classes we take, and even the things we do in our unmistakable time has changed due to the increasing amount of technology that is available to us. engine room is a wonderful thing to behold, but then we can look at the one thing technology has done to humans and especially Americans. Technology has created a society of many lazy people. In order to support my argument, I believe that it is imperative to answer one question in great detail. How has technology made us lazy? Laziness has gradually increased in the past ten years. Kids no longer want to play outside. Its too hot? or Let me finish this game are bonnie a couple of excuses kids make these days for staying indoors and not extoling an outdoor activities. Air-conditioners and video games have done some extreme damage to youths and their physical activity. I am only 19 years old but I remember playing a p ick-up game of baseball or wiffleball after school or during the summer in the afternoon. Kids these days have forgotten how to enjoy the open. Sure at that place are those few kids in town who still enjoy doing such things. Hell, I still enjoy playing a game of baseball or wiffleball. But for most kids, the interest is non-existent. Kids in the 90s grew up with new inventions such as the Playstation and the PC. Why go outside when all you need is inside? Nowadays there is a television in almost every room in many typical American families homes. Kids even have televisions in their rooms with their game consoles plugged in and their computer next to their bed. Our family had one TV to share and a game system was connected to it. I was forced to share... ... or shooting some hoops with mom or dad, can resolve some laziness both as a person and as a parent. Parents could also focus on help their kids with homework or keeping up to date on their grades. This is no technological achievement that has been made to act as a parent and there shouldnt be one. When that child grows up to be a parent, their attitude will reflect that of his parents, a majority of the time. This is a society that makes excuses for our laziness. Technology has helped induce our laziness. We shouldnt do away with technology, but we should use technology when we are lacking in time to spend being active outdoors or when we are spending time with our family. Technology should not be used for everything we do either, such as cooking, traveling, or even doing basic chores because sometimes technology hurts society more than it helps society.

Adults and Children as Learners Essay -- Education Psychology Essays

cock-a-hoops and Children as LearnersTeaching adults should be different if adults learn differently than children do. Theories or perspectives on adult learning, such as andragogy, make a number of assertions about the characteristics of adults as learners adults need learning to be meaningful they are autonomous, independent, and self-directed prior experiences are a rich learning election their readiness to learn is associated with a transition point or a need to perform a task their orientation is centered on problems, non content they are intrinsic all toldy motivated their participation in learning is voluntary (Draper 1998 Sipe 2001 Tice 1997 Titmus 1999). For some, the major difference between adults and younger learners is the wealth of their experience (Taylor, Marienau, and fiddler 2000, p. 7). For others, the capacity for critical thinking or transformative learning is what distinguishes adults (Vaske 2001). In contrast, pedagogy assumes that the child learner is a de pendent personality, has limited experience, is ready to learn found on age level, is oriented to learning a particular subject matter, and is motivated by external rewards and punishment (Guffey and Rampp 1997 Sipe 2001). If there are indeed typical characteristics of adults, on which claims for the uniqueness and coherence of adult education are based, then one might expect them to be taken into account in all organized education for adults (Titmus 1999, p. 347). However, each of these characteristics is contested. Courtney et al. (1999) assert that characteristics of adult learners refers to a small number of identified factors with little empirical evidence to support them. Andragogy has been criticized for characterizing adults as w... ...ctions for Adult and Continuing Education no. 91, edited by C. A. Hansman and P. A. Sissel, pp. 17-27. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, Fall 2001.Smith, M. C., and Pourchot, T., eds. Adult Learning and Development. Perspectives from Education al Psychology. Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum, 1998. Taylor, K. Marienau, C. and Fiddler, M. Developing Adult Learners. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 2000. Tice, E. T. Educating Adults A Matter of Balance. Adult Learning 9, no. 1 (Fall 1997) 18-21.Titmus, C. Concepts and Practices of Education and Adult Education Obstacles to lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning? International Journal of Lifelong Education 18, no. 5 (September-October 1999) 343-354. Vaske, J. M. Critical Thinking in Adult Education An Elusive Quest for a Definition of the Field. Ed.D. dissertation, Drake University, 2001. (ED 456 251)

Adults and Children as Learners Essay -- Education Psychology Essays

Adults and Children as LearnersTeaching adults should be different if adults learn differently than children do. Theories or perspectives on adult learning, such as andragogy, make a number of assertions about the characteristics of adults as learners adults need learning to be meaningful they are autonomous, independent, and self-directed anterior experiences are a rich learning resource their readiness to learn is associated with a transition point or a need to perform a task their orientation is centered on problems, not content they are intrinsically motivated their participation in learning is voluntary (Draper 1998 Sipe 2001 Tice 1997 Titmus 1999). For some, the major variety between adults and younger learners is the wealth of their experience (Taylor, Marienau, and Fiddler 2000, p. 7). For others, the capacity for critical thinking or transformative learning is what distinguishes adults (Vaske 2001). In contrast, pedagogy assumes that the child learner is a dependent person ality, has limited experience, is ready to learn based on age level, is oriented to learning a particular subject matter, and is motivated by orthogonal rewards and punishment (Guffey and Rampp 1997 Sipe 2001). If there are indeed distinctive characteristics of adults, on which claims for the uniqueness and coherence of adult education are based, then one might gestate them to be taken into account in all organized education for adults (Titmus 1999, p. 347). However, each of these characteristics is contested. Courtney et al. (1999) assert that characteristics of adult learners refers to a small number of identified factors with niggling empirical evidence to support them. Andragogy has been criticized for characterizing adults as w... ...ctions for Adult and Continuing bringing up no. 91, edited by C. A. Hansman and P. A. Sissel, pp. 17-27. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, Fall 2001.Smith, M. C., and Pourchot, T., eds. Adult Learning and Development. Perspectives from educationa l Psychology. Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum, 1998. Taylor, K. Marienau, C. and Fiddler, M. Developing Adult Learners. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 2000. Tice, E. T. Educating Adults A Matter of Balance. Adult Learning 9, no. 1 (Fall 1997) 18-21.Titmus, C. Concepts and Practices of Education and Adult Education Obstacles to Lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning? International Journal of Lifelong Education 18, no. 5 (September-October 1999) 343-354. Vaske, J. M. Critical Thinking in Adult Education An Elusive quest for a Definition of the Field. Ed.D. dissertation, Drake University, 2001. (ED 456 251)

Music: the International Language Essay

Music is a p ruse of peoples lives from all around the world. It has been around for at to the lowest degree 50,000 years and most likely originated in Africa (Wallin, et al. 1). There atomic number 18 several distinct genres of music. The most recognized divisions in the western hemisphere ar immaculate, jazz, rock music and folk, as well as others which are essentially branches from the four previously menti superstard. Many career options exist for those wishing to pursue music, many of which require 1 or more scholastic degrees. In music, in that location are a plethora of diverse structural diversitys in which music is composed.A structural form usually describes the order the sections in a piece of music are scripted. Without composers, in that location would be little music today. Most composers have a unequaled style that they write in that can be identified by anyone with a trained ear. Music is constantly in an evolutionary state, and the music patience change s to reflect that. The future holds endless possibilities for the social and economical effects of new music. Musical notation was not always nice printed symbols arranged in an voiced to read format. The Greeks were the first to implement a system for translating written work into beneficial.However this system made it ticklish for someone to imagine the melody, and was extremely difficult to reproduce, and there were usually many errors on copies. The Romans ingestion the first 15 letters of the Roman alphabet above the applicable words to determine tip with the first letter as the low pitch and the 15th letter as the high pitch. Neuma, or Neumes, is a very peculiar notation used mostly by 6th to 12th century ecclesiastical writers. Deciphering this notation is essentially guesswork due to the number of variables affecting the sounds. (Changes in Musical government note).Of all the genres of music, classical is the most distinct. It usually includes string instruments, Frenc h horns, and trumpets, as well as others. Rock music or devil music as some people refer to it, has become increasingly popular around the world since its inception in the mid 1900s. This type of music is known to use electric guitars, drum kit, and vocals. Jazz too uses those instruments, but in a different way. In a typical magnanimous band jazz orchestra, there will be five saxophones, four trombones, four trumpets, a pianist, a drummer and a guitarist.The jazz style is quite different from that of other types of music. Normally, the first and terzetto beat of a four beat measure are emphasized, in jazz the second and fourth beats are emphasized. In music, there are many formal structures (the way sections of a piece repeat) in which songs are written. Sectional form is a mixture of short chunks of a piece (DeLone. et al. 87). birdcall music often employs the use of the strophic form, which repeats the same section over again (AA). Binary form, as the name might suggest, has two different sections vie in succession (AB) or one repeated and then the other repeated (AABB).Similarly to binary form, chain form has three or more sections hoydened in succession (ABC) or (AABBCC). Ternary, or tertiary form, similarly to binary form has two different sections, the difference being there is a B section sandwiched in between two A sections (ABA). Arch form has three different sections, one C section in between two B sections, which is then in between two A sections (ABCBA). Finally, rondo form, which comes in two varieties symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical form is (ABACABA) as asymmetrical form is (ABACADAEA) (Musical Form).There are many fun and rewarding careers in music many of which involve working with an assortment of creative individuals. Composition, the art of writing music, is one of the more difficult, yet also more rewarding choices, although it is hard to make a living as a composer unless the utmost trueness is displayed. Teaching other s music, either by instruments, theory, or otherwise, is an occupation in high demand around the United States (Bachelor of Music). Musicians are the key particle of music, without them there would be no live music.Music therapy is one of the less known musical vocations. Music therapists help people with mental illness or disability by using music (Careers in Music Therapy). There have been many great classical composers, each with his or her own identifying characteristics in their writing. Johann Sebastian Bach is known for never leaving pauses in his music. However, George Frideric Handel writes so that there are moments where no notes are played (grand pause. ) Mozart has written over 600 pieces of music, all of which were written in one draft.Music is all about(predicate) sound, and for a mostly deaf man, Ludwig Van Beethoven is quite an accomplished composer. The music industry is mostly defined as the businesses and organizations that record, produce, publish, distribute, and market recorded music (Music Industry). There are four major record companies or labels, Sony BMG, EMI, Universal and Warner. In 2005, Universal dominated the United States market with a 31. 71% market share.In a close second came Sony BMG with 31. 71%. Warner firmly holds third with a solid 15% market share, leaving EMI to clean up with the remaining 9. 55%. Independent labels cover18. 3% of the US market, but there are many independent companies and none of which hold a candle to he big four (Cashmere). Music artists and record companies alike make most of their money from music sales, but with the rise of peer-to-peer file sharing networks, it has been increasingly popular to illegally download or, pirate, stolen music. According to the American Federation of Musicians, gross revenue for music drops about 20% annually due to piracy. In reaction to the horrifying statistics the Recording Industry Association of America or, RIAA, has taken a number of steps to shin internet p iracy.One of their goals is to inform the public of the repercussions music piracy has on the individuals who earn a living from legitimate music exchange (Online Music piracy). Jazz is the only style of music native to the United States of America. It is clear that many other genres thought to be truly American are in reality just bits and pieces from the musical traits of other cultures. Jazz music is brimming with improvisation solos, where a musician is usually given a chord progression also known as changes, and the musician plays notes in the scale of the key given at the specified time.Although the ink on the page may say to play in C7 one could just as well play in Cm in stead. Jazz is also not bound to the limitations of other forms of music and will not always be cut up into easy-to-identify sections. One thing almost all types of music have in common is scalability, for example, there could be a single saxophonist playing Harlem Nocturne on a course corner, or there co uld be an 18 piece big band orchestra playing the same song in a concert hall. The same applies to classical music, but it is more common to see a street musician playing jazz than classical music.The invention of solid-state electronics brought on many changes. The music world was affected when someone figured that if you make a keyboard and set it so each key you press produces a different frequency at a line level current and run it through an amplifier, there will be an electronic piano-style keyboard This device later became known as the parallel of latitude synthesizer and was used in many performing bands. some(prenominal) years later, digital sound synthesis technology made it possible to have hundreds of different patches on a keyboard, eliminating the need for expensive sound modules for analog synthesizers.Today, both technologies are used, but analog is mostly just used and built for historical and experimental purposes. Every kind of music requires an instrument, be it benignant vocal cords, a bassoon, or a microchip, at least one instrument is required. There are three types of traditional instruments. Brass instruments are devices in which sound is made by pressing the lips to the large end of an almost conical mouthpiece and buzzing the lips whilst blowing. Instruments requiring no buzzing are referred to as woodwinds.The sound can be made either by a single reed, where the layer places the top front two teeth on top of a tapered mouthpiece and presses the bottom lip over the bottom teeth contacting the reed and blowing so the reed vibrates in between the mouthpiece and the bottom lip. A double reed instrument has no mouthpiece, only two reeds that are pointed together at the end. The third form of woodwind sound production entails placing the lips one the near side of a hole in the mouthpiece and blowing air over the gap, just like making a glass bottle whistle. In music, there are two categories, one for the high society, and one for the low society.The high society music is that of the classical, baroque romantic and other such eras, are usually preformed in formal venues. In contrast, the low society music such as jazz, rap and hip hop could be preformed in places where formal etiquette is not present such as a casino, night club or parking lot. It is apparent that the average audience member of a classical performance will have an income higher than that of an audience member from a hip hop concert. By analyzing this data, musicologists have concluded that the class distinction is not related to the music itself, rather, the crowd associated with that type of music.

Feminist Analysis Death of a Salesman Essay

Whats great somewhat this play is gives us penetration into the past and focuses on an average family and provides lots of material to do a womens liberationist analysis of. The most prominent woman figure in this play is Linda, but the male characters in this play also give us insight into womens roles and help feed the feminist analyses To get us started, how do the roles and identities of women in this play compare to that of the male figures?Objectivity of womenBiff and HappyQuotes- imply those two we had tonight, now werent they gorgeous creatures? -it gets like bowling, I just keep knockin them over and it doesnt mean anything -a girl, yknow, they always moot what you tell em (27) -Biff was seen as successful in Willys eyes when he made the girls swoon in high school -Could this be influenced by Willy and their upbringing or are they just a product of their sentence? -They see women as achievements When Biff and Happy are talking Happy says how hes not happy currently becau se he wants his own apartment, a car, and plenty of women (23)Women Dont Have Identities-The Woman that Willy has an affair with doesnt catch a name, shes always laughing and reall(a)y sexual. He slaps her butt ad she laughs and thanks him for the stockings. She picked him because he was sweet and such a kidder. She says Ill portion you right through to the buyers? SLEEZE. -They see their mother as the epitome of what a woman should be The only interaction Linda has with other woman is calling them whores, aft(prenominal) Biff and Happy leave Willy at the restaurant and shes angry says did you have to go to women tonight? You and your lousy rotten whoresLindaWhat do you guys think about the character development of Linda throughout the play? Do you think she is an example of a strong or weak woman? She knows that Willy is suicidal, tries to protect him from other people, and does not lose her temper with him when he acts horribly towards her -We never know more about Linda other than that she does the laundry, cares for her boys, and knows the finances -In the beginning I found it annoying how all she did was chair off his shoes, put on his jacket, eager to please him. Only portrayed as a wife and mother, less dimensional than the other characters. -Does this take away from her character development?-Her goals are measured by Willys achievements-Linda is desexualizedTreatment of Linda/Relationship with Willy-Willy is commanding to her swiss cheeseYoure my foundation and my verify Linda-Willy does not let Linda talk dont interrupt (62, 64-65) READ -Biff defends her from Willy but she defends Willy, then Biff says Dont go making excuses for him, he wiped the floor with you. He never had an ounce of respect for you (54-55) -Biff and Happy objectify girls (20 + 21) Also, gorgeous creatures, its like bowling (23-24) -Linda says Im not your maiden over anymore-Described by Happy as having character and resistance which is a quality he wants in a woman, unlike the ones hes been with -Whenever Willy is raise up about something she just sugarcoats his flaws and compliments him (37) do you think we just know something she doesnt, or is there other motivation for her to do this?) -Seems like the first time she ever voiced her real opinion (57) about how Happy and Biff are ungrateful towards Willy -What is the purpose of her character? So that women of the forties could empathize with her view moreHyper-masculinitySeen as negative or positive? Doesnt lead to happiness.Happy and Biff raise cattle, use our muscles, men built like us should be working out in the open (24) Uncle BenSalesmanManual LabourFootballWilly always refers to how their appearances make them well liked guys built like us should be working a farm a man who cant handle tools is not a man. Youre disgusting (44) to Charley thank matinee idol youre built like Adonises God of beauty and desireMORE SUBTLE EXAMPLES I NOTICEDWhen Howards wife goes to talk to the recording dodge she has nothing to offer, as opposed to his son and daughter who wouldnt shut up his daughter whistles, his son names the capitals of states, his wife says I cant think of anythinghello? Oh Howard, I cant talk into this. (78) She could have just been shy, she doesnt have a name, she is known as his wife interrelate Howards wifes role to Lindas role? This is our chance to see a family woman other than Linda, do you think this serves a purpose, not matter how subtle it may be? Linda is content without adventure, she didnt want Ben to encourage Willy to go to Alaska (95) Linda is overshadowed by her boys who go out and pursue things.ConclusionArthur Millar shows us the restraints of sexuality as well individuality in this play. Just like Willy Loman struggles to find his place socially and struggles economically, Linda is restrained by her gender.

Educating The Girl Child Is The Best Way To Enpower The Nation Essay

It is crystal clear that dowering miss child is the need of hour or present day scenario.Education of girl child has been a high priority with the govt.of India.According to the RIGHT TO EDUCATION act,every child of the age of 6-14 years shall ready a right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school till competition of elementary education.For the success of Sarva Shiksha Abhayan or the education for all, the education of a girl child is the must. No doubt,girls deserve a better deal from society as the atomic number 18 acquire, at present.It is said by society that girls are no way inferior to boys.But what are they getting from the society?A whole range of discriminatory practices including female foeticide,female infanticide,early marriage and dowry, which have buried the future of girl child.It seems very difficult to empower the girl child.Our society is still suffering many weaknesses.Intend of giving them education,they are being subjected to sufferings un der likes of Purdah System.Twelve million girls are born every year but, unluckily one third them survive.Some are killed in the womb,some at the time of birth,some die due to poor health and some die due to nutritional status.We have to remember this reality that educated girl can shoulder any kind responsibility.See the example ofKalpana Chawala,Kiran Bedi,Sonia Gandhi and so on every one has earned a name in the society.For the success of any person,,,,education plays an important role.Education for the girls is more important as she not only builds the home, but all routine responsibilities are completed by her.Today s girl child will be the mother of tomorrow.In ancient time, girl s education played significant betoken in the society.Gargi Mitreyi played very encouraging role in spreading the education to a great extent.That is why, empowering the girl child is the best way to empower the nation.

Drb Grant

Dudley Ransford Brandyce yielding was an educationalist who specialized in the theory of early childhood school development in Jamaica. He is regarded by many as the Father of Early childishness statement in Jamaica. Born in Santa Marta, Colombia on September 15, 1915 he immigrated to Jamaica with his parents, James and Annie, at an early age. He go to Maldon Primary School, St. James in his youth before continuing his education at Mico Teachers College in St.Andrew. Mr. Grant also went on to complete a Masters of skill at Cornell University, USA before furthering his learning at great institutions including Oxford Universitys School of Education in England and the Universities of New York and Columbia in the United States. Career D. R. B Grant was a passing respected and accomplished tutor and theorist whose career was filled with an extensive list of achievements and positions of authority at all faculty member levels.He began his educational profession as a Primary school t eacher, later moving up to school Principal, before continuing his progression through the instruct ranks as Senior lecturer, University of the West Indies and Visiting Lecturer at University of Maryland in the USA. Early Childhood Education After this, Mr. Grant began to concentrate on his Early Education work. Below are the positions and roles that D. R. B undertook Director for the Project for Early Childhood Education (PECE) Consultant to the Jamaican Ministry of Educations Early Childhood Education Program Director of University of West Indies/Bernard van Leer Foundation Centre for Early Childhood Education Consultant/Advisor on Early Childhood Education in developing countries Vice Chairman of Jamaican Governments Programme for the Advancement of Childhood Education (PACE).During the period 1967-1968, while on secondment to the Ministry of Education Jamaica, he started the first teaching internship programme which has become a major component of the teacher education prog ramme in Jamaica. D. R. B. Grant also conceived and implemented the Project for Early Childhood Education (P. E. C. E. ) which was funded by the van Leer Foundation of Holland. He directed this project from 1966-1987.He became a highly respected international authority in the field of early childhood education and occupied various consulting and advisory roles. In 1972, D. R. B. Grant was appointed by the Ministry to Education, Jamaica as a member of the Committee for an In-depth Study for Primary Education. He also played a pivotal role in the design and system of rules of the Hope Valley Experimental School. In recognition of D. R. B.Grants contribution to early childhood education, the University of the West Indies, Mona has named the Early Childhood Resource Centre in his honor. In addition, the Dudley Grant Memorial Trust (DGMT) was established through the Bernard van Leer Foundation in 1989 to commemorate his life and work. D. R. B Grant officially retired in 1978 but contin ued his work until his death on August 25, 1988. He was 73 years old. Dudley Ransford Brandyce Grant Name Sherene Badjnaut Teacher

Spreading Awareness about STD among Youth

Lack of Knowledge somewhat STDS among jejuneness Becoming sexually active at a young develop tends to sum up a persons number of overall partners and as a result, her or his risk of STDS. Biologically, young girls are more susceptible to infection. Although the system cannot control teens or preteens actions, further they can help them understand the risks of sexual activity and thats 0K to wait to have sex.A research done by Katherine Harmon on Jan 2013 shows 321,000 cases of gonorrhea only are report each year in the U. S. Another research shows approximately 60 percent of new HIV infections in united states occurs among oung people under age 25 and most of these infections are transmitted sexually. By all the efforts and new programs that government is trying to put into educational system, when we keep in line these reports and numbers we all sustain in one matter these are not enough.And I believe if government instead of mostly concentrating on medical treatments pays mo re attention to youth health education and STDS prevention training classes, life of hundreds of people can be saved every day. The reason I chose this topic is because Im originally in-between Eastern or in another world from a third world country. Four years ago, when I was living in my country, there was not much attention to STDS among the people and there was never any program in our society or schools to educate families and youth about STDS.Since I was ever so curios, I was doing research from different sources about them to be able to improve my personal knowledge about them and hopefully be able to help roughly people. When I came to United States, I was expecting the majority of people are well educated about these kinds of matters but unfortunately when I read different researches about increasing number of STDS infections among the youth, it Just hange my whole expectation from educational system of one of the most advanced countries.By all that being said, I hope to see a day that nobody in any country would be infected of STDS due to lack of information and knowledge. Resources nature. com (the name of article is common STD grows insusceptible to treatment in North America. Mayoclinic. com (the name of article is sexually transmitted diseases. Hawaii. edu (effective HIV/STD and teen pregnancy prevention programs for young women of color ) Spreading ken about STD among Youth By arashghahremani

My Wood by E M Forster

Mr. Tanveer Malik, Ms. Shweta Pandit impact of an American Recession on India Indian companies have major outsourcing deals from the US. Indias exports to the US have also self-aggrandising substantially over the years. The India economy is handlely to lose between 1 to 2 percentage points in GDP appendage in the next financial year. Indian companies with big tickets deals in the US would see their profit margins shrinking. The worries for exporters will grow as rupee strengthens further against the dollar. But experts note that the long-term prospects for India be stable.A weak dollar could land more foreign money to Indian markets. Oil may get cheaper brining down inflation. A ceding back could bring down oil prices to $70. The whole of Asia would be hit by a recession as it depends on the US economy. Even though domestic want and diversification of trade in the Asian region will partly counter any drop in the US demand, one simply cant incline a downturn in the worlds lar gest economy. The US economy accounts for 30 per cent of the worlds GDP. Says Sudip Bandyopadhyay, director and CEO, Reliance Money In the globalised world, complete decoupling is impossible.But India may preserve relatively less affected by adverse global up to nowts. In fact, many small and medium companies have already started developing trade ties with mainland China and European countries to ward off big losses. Manish Sonthalia, head, equity, Motilal Oswal Securities, says if the US economy contracts much more than anticipated, the whole worlds GDP growth-which is estimated at 3. 7 per cent by the IMF-will contract, and India would be no exception. The only silver lining is that the recession will happen slowly, probably in six months or so.As of now, IT and IT-enabled services, textiles, jewellery, handicrafts and leather segments will patronize losses because of their trade link. Certain sections of commodities could face sharp impact due to the volatile nature of these sectors. C. J. George, managing director, Geojit Financial Services, says profits of lots of re-export firms may be affected. Countries like China import commodities from India, do some value-addition and then export them to the US. Impact of Global Recession on Indian Car Industry Indian railroad gondola industry is one of the most promising car industries across the globe.It has gradually strengthened its foot expect in the international arena as well. The country is transaction with many car manufacturers, dealers, and associations in various different countries including U. S. From some countries, India imports cars and car components and to some India exports. With this, the global recession is obvious to have its impact on the Indian car industry. Though India has witnessed a growing customer base, it has not inoculated them from the global crisis. The crippling liquidity and high interest rates have slowed down the vehicle demand.However, the falldown started in July with a decline of 1. 9% and thereafter the industry saw a major slowdown in October 2008. Business Analysts reported that Indian car market had recorded a continuous growth of nigh 17. 2% over the last few years but this year the recession has brought the growth to about 7-8%. Be it Tata Motors or Maruti Suzuki or even Mercedes-Benz, the car market has gone down to a tremendously negative terrain. Tata has reported that its profit devolve from 34. 1 percent to 3. 47 billion rupees because of the slower growth in the industrial production.Further, the company has also recorded a 20% decline in the sales as compared to last year. And with its Nano making a big impact before the downturn as such, but after the downturn may hold a bleak future for the worlds cheapest car, because the consumer spending has gone very low. Even Maruti Suzuki reported a 7% decline in sales due to procession cost of the materials and a falling rupee value. Even Mahindra & Mahindra, the Indias largest SUV and t ractor manufacturer, is not immunized, showing profit fall of 20. 6%. In the recent months, banks and car financers have disbursed the sanctioned loan because of the cash crunch.Payments from the OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer) have also been delayed and in most cases banks have deferred or disbursed the approved loan. OEMs take this loan from banks and financers for establishments, capacity expansions, or even for the requirement of high-end equipments for car designing and production. In addition, the uncertain exchange rate and a sudden increase in dollar value against Indian rupee have contributed to the slowdown. Increasing dollar value has raised the landed cost of imported machine tools and even raw materials required for production by about 14%.Alloy and steel prices have also not shown any reduction in their prices and this high price has actually forced the car manufacturers to climb the car prices. To make the matter worse, it is believed that steel manufacturers across the country are looking for re-imposition of custom duty on steel. Increased cost of raw materials presently affects the cost of the car rolled out, eventually tagging a particular car model with a higher price tag. The conclusion is that the present global recession has hit very hard on the Indian car industry.

Marketing of Haagen Dazs Essay

ew York City, however soon distribution expanded throughout the east coast of the U. S. , and by 1973 Haagen-Dazs products were enjoyed by discerning customers throughout the United States. n 1976, Mr. Mattus daughter Doris opened the first Haagen-Dazs Shop. it was an immediate success, and its popularity led to a rapid expansion of Haagen-Dazs Shops across the country. in 1983 Mr. Mattus agreed to sell the Haagen-Dazs brand to The Pillsbury Company, which remained committed to the tradition of superior quality and establishment on which Haagen-Dazs deoxyephedrine cream was founded. since then, it has become a global phenomenon, available in 50 countries. the aforesaid(prenominal) careful attention to quality that Reuben Mattus built into every Haagen-Dazs product stay today. ce cream lovers the beingness over now recognize the unique Haagen-Dazs logo as synonymous with the ultimate super-premium ice cream. from the beginning, Haagen-Dazs ice cream has sought to innovate and b ring new frozen dessert experiences to its customers, including distinctive flavors such as vanilla swiss almond, butter pecan, and dulce de leche, to name just a few.Haagen-Dazs was also the first to introduce the area to ice cream bars for a grown-up palate, with the introduction of the Haagen-Dazs brand ice cream bar bankers bill in 1986. other super-premium innovations followed, with frozen yogurt in 1991 and sorbet in 1993. o this day, the Haagen-Dazs brand remains committed to developing exceptional new super-premium frozen dessert experiences, releasing new flavors every year. ancestry of brand name Mattus invented the Danish-sounding Haagen-Dazs as a tribute to Denmarks exemplary treatment of its Jews during the Second universe of discourse War, and included an outline map of Denmark on early labels. The name, however, is not Danish, which has neither an umlaut nor a digraph zs nor does it have any meaning in any language or etymology before its creation. Mattus felt th at Denmark was know for its dairy products and had a positive image in the U.

Engro Foods

Contents Ab reveal engro feeds3 value proposition3 olpers3 olwell draw (a rugged fat draw by olpers, engro foods)4 olfrute ju grouch4 tarang4 oto a greater extent5 part5 what is segmentation.. 5 root for segmentation5 segmentation for olpers5 olper,s convergence range6 segmentation for olpers7 location for olpers8 what is positioning.. 8 positioning process8 private-enterprise(a) advan not crosspatche12 free burning ramp up betterment12 quality ascendance12 pr with farmers13 third-generation prove13 engros promotion mix tools13 advertising13 sales promotions15 public relations16 personal selling17 tell commercialiseing18 basic t sourics employ18 client relationship solicitude18 customer relationship management in engro foods18 customers emergency points19 cut the customer defection rate22 building loyalty22 references24 ab protrude engro foodEngro stands for energy for growth. From inception, ours is a legacy of continue growth, rising ch e genuinely last(p t rigger-happyicate)enges and fulfilled promises. From fertilisers to dairy growths, business solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our desire is to become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global r whole(prenominal).Engro Foods Limited is subsidiary of Engro Chemical Pvt. Ltd. which is cardinal of the most reputed enterprises in Pakistan with more than 40 years of diversified business operations in the beas of fertilizer and chemicals. Engro Chemicals, formerly spangn as Exxon, was taken oven by the employees and reamed Engro. Since then, it has diversified into many fields owning and operating subsidiaries analogous Engro Asahi, Engro Vopak, Engro Pak tank, Engro Chemicals and Engro Foods. Engro Foods scratchinged its business operations in March 2006 and it hasnt looked masking ever since its inception.Within a actually get around span of 2 years, it has become the house of four quality dairy draw grasss Olpers Milk, Tarang, Olwell , and Olpers cream. Engro Foods has already solidifying up two processing plants at Sukkur and Sahiwal. VALUE PROPOSITION Avalue propositionis a promise ofvalueto be delivered and a belief from the customer ofvaluethat will be experienced. A value proposition fucking apply to an entire governance, or parts thereof, or customer accounts, or cross guidances or services. Engro Foods Ltd. is delivering value to customers by offering chase productsOLPERS pic OLWELL MILK (A LOW FAT MILK BY OLPERS, ENGRO FOODS) OLFRUTE JUICE pic TARANG pic OMORE pic SEGMENTATION WHAT IS SEGMENTATION.. The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous merchandise into intelligibly identifiable segments having identical holds, wants, or demand characteristics. BASIS FOR SEGMENTATION The following are the basis for segmentation pic SEGMENTATION FOR OLPERS It is difficult for any cardinal gild to engage in agglomerate production, mass distri thation and mass promotion for its product.The complexities arise from the pro life historyration of advertising and distribution channels and the postgraduate embodys associated with arrivaling a mass audience. Therefore, companies segment the grocery so that they give the gate conduct the group of customers who share similar needs and wants. The milk sector shows a mart that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers withdraw similar preferences. They want milk to be white, carefully impact, and intelligent for health and bones. Keeping these things in mind Engro segmented its market.The marketers at Engro brook had a morsel of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. Engro Olpers products include pic OLPER,S PRODUCT RANGE SEGMENTATION FOR OLPERS Geographic Segmentation Engro Geographic entirelyy segmented its market on the basis of Region Engro segmented its market for the South East region. Coun establish Engro segmented its market in Pakistan surface area. Province Eng ro targeted its consumers all over the Pakistan but by and large in the Punjab province. Demographic SegmentationEngro divided its market on the basis of demographically as duration Engro Olpers products are for the all age of people like for children youngsters and senescenters. Gender Engro did not segment its market on the gender basis. Every person can use it either male or effeminate because there is no gender discrimination. Family Olpers products serve the family which has 3 to 5 members. Income Brand calls for a scurvy percentage of an individuals income but lower layer wouldnt want to buy the blemish maybe because they are price sensitive. Psychographic SegmentationEngro psycho-graphically segmented its market on the basis of Social class The marker is meant for all the users in steeper upper or middle class families and it targets a specialised social class who are health conscious and concerned intimately their exercising weight. Life style Olpers put on segmented the market more towards achievers who are goal-oriented and want to recognize themselves by others. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, have high aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. Personality The Olpers products have targeted experiencers because the company has given them a new set of make and so many will make their first purchase because they want to try just aboutthing new. Olpers ads too target believers, traditional conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olpers show the beliefs of healthy life with processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more. Behavioral Segmentation Engro Behaviorally segmented its market on the basis of Benefits Olpers products have been segmented on the basis of benefits that consumers seek in the milk.In this case, people look for a betray that can be utilize for all shoot fors from drinking to tea whiteners as well to execute the animals. Loyalty Engro segment its market on the basis of loyality experimental condition by finding some br killhed core loyal persons in the milk sector which are withal price sensitive or want variety and on the basis of price they will be switch from other schematic leaf blades like Haleeb, Nestle etc. fix FOR OLPERS WHAT IS POSITIONING.. Positioning is defined as the act of designing the companys offering and send off to occupy a distinctive level in the target markets mind. POSITIONING PROCESS The effectual positioning process involves pic Defining the competitive be sick of reference Competitive frame of reference involves Identifying the direct competitors of cross out. Position of these competitors in market. Level of competition. Identifying the direct competitors Before positioning a brand company must understand who the main competitors are? For example Engro main competitors Haleeb Nestle Position of competitors family must analyze and understand the position of their competitors that either their position is noticeable or weak.For example the two competitors of Engro are hearty and have a tremendous market place. Level of competition Company withal identifying the take of competition that at what level it competes with its competitors. The level of competition involves At product type level At product category level At product class level For example, Engro competes at all levels as As at the product type level Olpers compete with the Nestle milk pack and Haleeb dairy queen. As at the product category level Olpers categories like Olpers Olwell competes with Nestle Nesvita and Haleeb Skimz. As at the product class level it compete with all dairy products as Engro dairy products are compete with all dairy products of Nestle and Haleeb. Establishing the points of difference Companies establish the points of difference which are the attributes or benefit those consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and be lieve that they could not find to the same extent in the competitive brand. The point of differences for the Engro dairy products are Olpers milk forwarding of Olpers milk in Red color which is quite distinguishable from competitors Green and Blue color promotion. Engro use the attribute positioning for Olpers milk. The main beginning of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpers ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. The extraordinary selling proposition for Olpers is found on tag line Subah Bakhair Zindagi, but recently the company changed the USP to Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olpers. Both the tag lines have a very positive impact on Olpers image because of the emotions involved in some(prenominal) the lines. Olpers cream Packaging of Olpers cream in Purple color which is incompatible from competitors. Engro position Olpers cream for a specific use or application. Because the Olpers cream utilise to make the dishes in which cream is necessary like cakes, ice cream. The unique selling proposition for Olpers cream is base on tagline Lifes a Dessert with the substance of ad that Creams of all Creams. Olpers Olwell Packaging of Olpers Olwell in Red color which distinguish it from competitors. Engro used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as High calcium, low fat product. The unique selling proposition for Olpers Olwell is based on tag line .. o youre unstoppable and with the message Stop ageging. Olpers Owsum Packaging of Owsum designed in a highly detailed comic book style and each packaging has a different world with respect to each flavor describing different story in each one. Engro use the specific positioning as Owsum flavored milk is for the children from 9 to 12 years age. It is the first cartridge holder a company target this age group children. The unique selling proposition for Olpers Owsum is based on tag line Kill the Mil k Monster and the message of ad Flavored milk socked out the simple milk. Establish the points of parityCompanies establish the points of parity which are attributes or benefits which are not necessarily unique to the brand, and also shared with other brands. The point of parity for the Engro dairy products are Engro stomachs high quality to its customers, which same to its competitors Nestle and Haleeb because these companies also focus on high quality. Engro cover the whole country of Pakistan and its competitors also covers the all areas of Pakistan. Both the appearance and packaging of Engro products is very rendive. Its competitors packaging and appearance is also very attractive. Engro run its advertising on different channels like T. V, Radio, intelligence agencypapers and billboards. Nestle and Haleeb which are the competitors of Engro are also victimization the same channels. Engro used the 6 layered Tetra Pack packaging for its products. Nestle and Haleeb also using the same packaging technique. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantagemeans strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage stanceens and positions a business recrudesce within the business environment.Engro foods Ltd. has many advantages over its competitors which are given below. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT The Engro foods continuously improve itself which is the study edge of Engro foods over its competitors. Feed top and its integration in the supply chain are essential to the continuous improvement of an organization that places so much importance on supply chain management. Engro Foods encertain(p)s feedback is obtained from all practical sources. As a result, middleman is maintained with distributors regarding the consumers reaction or any complaints that they may have.In fact, any freehanded products or bad batches of products, if the consequence of any supply chain management glitches , are accepted back by the company and exchanged for new good stock free of cost. Feedback is also collected straight off from the consumers via the company website, which allows consumers to lodge any complaints, put forward any queries, or just drop by their comments. The same information is also collected through with(predicate) the presence of the company address and phone number on all the packages, thus making the organization very accessible to the consumers. QUALITY CONTROLEngro Foods is committed to providing the scoop quality of products to the consumers at the lowest possible costs. In other words, it is a company that believes in the virtues of cost leadership and its prioritization for quality maintenance and control is reflected in stringent quality checks that are carried out both before and after the processing of the milk. Before touch on Quality control procedures are introduced right at the point of milk collection that is at the milk collection centers. Lab t ests are conducted in claim to check the milk for any adulteration and in fact the dhodhis are also educated to evacuate adulteration of milk.An expert is stationed at these MCCs to ensure that the tests are conducted properly. Once the milk is approved and dispatched within 6 hours to either the Sahiwal or Sukkur plant, the next Quality check is carried out right at the while of milk reception at the plant where it is once again examined by qualified Chemists and Micro Biologists by conducting variant tests. It is only after the milk clears certain tests that the Quality Control department accepts it and transfers it to the cooling plants. After Processing Quality control experts are involved throughout the production process.After the packaging process is complete, Quality control resurfaces this cartridge clip not only to ensure that the packages are sterilized but also to ensure that the milk packages are of the prescribed weight. And after a final approval, the milk produ cts are considered fit for delivery and transferred to the warehouse. The organization strives to achieve even better and better quality of the products which is why it collaborates with various research agencies to work on the development of the products. PR WITH FARMERS ENGRO has been interacting with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a good reputation over the years.It has led to a strong bond and long term relationship with the farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also wont have to look elsewhere to sell their milk. THIRD-GENERATION PLANT EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in Pakistan that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene.Moreover, it is also fit up another milk processing plant in Central Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 zillion (US $ 33 million). ENGROS PROMOTION MIX TOOLS ADVERTISING Engro Foods Ltd. is always quite smart in exploring various mediums and reaching out to the maximum in an effective way. For instance, spreading the art of happiness via decorating of Lahore with flowers in the rig phase, putting colorful streamers, Omore bloopers on TV channels. Omore is active in doing advertising since its launch.They believe that strong and effective advertizement is essential for product success. They have used their punch line The Art of Happiness since the start to expose and establish brand image in the mind of the customers. This will also induce a desire for buying a product as in the ads they have shown that if you want to be happy, eat Omore. The followings are the advertisement vehicles used by Engro for the promotion of its Omore and other milk products product. Print & Broadcasting Ads Omore has conveyed their message of happiness, joy, fun and pleasure t hrough their TV and print ads.The creative are so colorful and vivacious to support their slogan of happiness with the catchy jingle attached to it. They have broadcasted their ads on all the major TV channels, FM radio and social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut and for print they have gone in all major magazines and newspapers. Packaging Outer Engro used the colorful packaging with product picture and name along with nutrition indigents and contact information. The color also helped to enhance the in-store visibility and presence for its Olpers packaged milk, and the brand was instantly disassociated from its competition.The brand also worked to ensure it established an image of being a healthy and congenital product. Its optimistic and vibrant tag lineGood Morning Lifealong with the unique red color, became the soul of the Olpers brand identity across various media outlets. Brochures & Booklets Brochures and booklets were distributed outside the big famous marts at the t ime of launching. Posters & Leaflets Product promotion posters were placed outside the stores like ice pops, choc stick etc. At the time of launching leaflets were showered from aircrafts in different areas of cities.Billboards To promote the Omore brand, Engro placed it on billboards at all the major intersection in different cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Islamabad and Peshawar. It is the visual representation of the product by demo the customer a slice from their own lives, something to which they can refer when they are going to buy a product. Billboard is an expensive media but can reach a wide range of customer and is high in creating awareness. Point Of Purchase Displays Engro placed Omore carts outside all the major malls/marts and grocery stores at the time of launching it.Audiovisual Material Jingle and music used by Engro for its products are so strong through which people considerably recognize its products. The simple and classy tune of OLPERs and the tag line c alled out loud i. e. SUBHA BAKHAIR ZINDAGI was easily identifiable by 90% of the targeted audience. It means that the uniqueness of the sound remains in the mind of the consumers. Symbols & Logos To promote the Omore, Engro used the symbols cerebrated to happiness, joy and fun. Their logo is oval in shape with pink inside and white outside. SALES PROMOTIONSSales promotion is a variety of short term motivator to encourage trial or purchase of product. When used effectively, sales promotions can help to move old stock, counteract competitor employment, merchandise new products, encourage repeat buying and motivate your staff. They can also be monitored, so the success of a particular sales promotion can be thrifty over time. It is a good way of attracting new customers. The type of promotion selected also has to be relevant to the target customers as well as the companys own trade objectives.Contest, Games & Sweepstakes Omore has conducted contest and sweepstakes to attract custo mers and make them start propensity the product. They have done it before launching it in Punjab and now in Karachi, they have conducted morning shows on Hum TV. Omore has launched an interactive application on its Facebook fun page which allows the users to infix in a weekly drawing contest. Sampling Sampling was done by Omore at the time of launch in all the major cities to cast up the customer awareness and also create the liking of the product. EntertainmentJingle and music is so important and strong that people recognize Omore with it. Trade In Allowance Omore gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers. PUBLIC RELATIONS Public relations (or PR) involve a sustained attempt to develop the reputation as a business by using the media to help create the image the company desire. It is a way of storage areaing the business in your customers eyes. News or press releases can be distributed to the media to announce, for example, new product launches, a change in hypothesis times or company successes.Articles can be distributed to trade journals or local newspapers, and sponsorship or kind-hearted donations can help to position a company business more prominently in the market place than competitors. Attendance at exhibitions and seminars can also help to promote the image of the company to a chosen target audience Charitable Donations An Engro food has also proved itself to be a socially responsible company in many ways. For example when our nation faced a major catastrophic in the form of the floods which shook the foundation of our country.Engro foods stood firm in its commitment to the social causes and provided the financial help, food and shelter through the help of various relief organizations. Sponsorship Omore have sponsored several TV programs, morning shows and cricket matches. Publications Omore has done publication which reflects its vision and objectives in the short and long run. They have provided information on how the Om ore ice cream goes about its operations and how Omore ice cream nutritious because it uses pure dairy products as compared to the competitors.PERSONAL selling Personal selling is face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and purchase orders. This is the most effective form of promotion because it allows your approach to be accommodate to the needs of an individual customer. Getting a sale is ultimately extremely important, but the process involves a lot more than this. It is about having a constructive dialogue with customers to listen to their needs, promote product & company enefits on an individual basis, answer any questions, resolve any problems and get their feedback before clinching a sale. Face-to-face, a sales person can build a relationship with the customer- understanding their needs and feeding back this knowledge to the business to improve products, customer service standards, competit or knowledge etc. Employing a sales person is a costly exercise in the first instance, but it is one that will provide a pay back, usually within 1-2 years. Sales Presentation Omore is selling their products via charts. Incentive ProgramsOmore has given refrigerators to its retailers for their ice cream products. It also gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers as an incentive. Incentives also include stigmatisation of store on achievements of target sales. Fair & Trade evidences Omore has conducted a beach festival to gain the financial aid of customer and make them aware of the product in Karachi. They also conducted Basant festival in Punjab. DIRECT marketing Direct marketing consists of mail, telephone, fax, email or internet to communicate directly with or solicit solvent or dialogue from specific customers and prospects.Direct marketing is not used by Omore because the product is already easily available. Another reason of not using this tool is that mostly people in Pakistan are unconscious of purchasing products through these channels. BASIC TACTICS USED Engro foods in most of advertisements used association as basic tactic and associate their product with particular atmosphere and circumstances in the Olpers advertisement they relate the product with the environment of home where they show that everybody in the home require pure milk which is Olpers.In the omore advertisement they show that when the person uses omore he moves into an imaginary environment which is very excited for him so they associate their product with that environment. In olfrute advertisement they show an excited family in which everyone wants balance in diet so they need juice and associate their product with a situation when there is need of balance in diet then olfrute should be used with the normal diet. So here also association is used as basic tactic. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCustomer relationship management is the process of carefully manag ing detailed information about individual customers and all customer touch points to maximize customer loyalty. Consumer is the reason for our existence as a business. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN ENGRO FOODS According to engro foods view, CRM consists of Helping olpers to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assisting olpers to improve account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining existing processes. Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of up customer satisfaction and maximizing profits identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. Providing olpers employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners.CUSTOMERS fulfil POINTS Customer touch point is any occasion on which customers encounters the brand and product. Following are the customers touch points which Olpers uses for catering to the relationship of its customers Marketing Value Addition Float Activity Banners Road Show T. V Commercials Rural Melas Buntings Buchat Bazars Posters Institutional promotions New Articles Free Samplings Vehicle Branding Chain store Promotions gala affair Event Management Carnivals Music Concerts Funfair Marketing Float ActivityOne way that Engro foods and Olpers have chosen to interact with their customer is Float Activity. Olpers have been launching promotional activities all the time and according to them this float activity proved to be very effective to keep in touch with their customers. Road Shows In the pass of 2009 when Engro foods launched their new product line of Dairy Ice Cream Omore initially in Lahore the whol e urban center was decorated with different road side banners and place cards. This is a traditional Engro food way to keep in touch with their customer and also to promote their new product.According to Olpers Road shows are a very easy yet effective way to keep in touch with customers. Rural Melas Since Pakistan is a country with most of its population still living in rural areas, Olpers decided to reach those potential consumers with a different approach and they arranged different rural side Melas in which they can easily state their point and make the potential customers a loyal customer Bachat Bazars Bachat Bazars are very common in Pakistan and since this is a trend in the market Engro foods used this way to reach to its existing customers and also targeted new customers in this 1-2-1 marketing way.Free Sampling To promote and let the people who have not yet well-tried the product companies use the technique called free sampling. And Engro foods have done free sampling to m ake sure that people are aware of the product and also to get the feed back out of the customers to make sure if there are any lags in the product. Chain Store Promotions Another 1-2-1 way of marketing technique that Engro foods have adopted to create effective touch point with their customer is by putting their brand in all the chain store in Pakistan in this way people can have access easily to the product and they do not have to look for the product.Event Management Carnivals Engro foods have worked their way in the customers heart by knowing them in every way. They try to promote their products and make sure that their product is available in carnivals and all special events that are fetching place Music Concert Omore Ice cream launch was unique in its kind as they had music concert with leading Bands of Pakistan performing in these concerts. Since they feel like sponsoring such events creates a good way to interact with their customers Fun FairOne way to have direct contact wi th the customer is to promote different fun fair all over the country. This way existing customer and new customer both are easily targeted. Value Addition Banners An effective way to add customer value towards the product is to endanger banners and bill boards all over the city so that customer are aware of their brand and make them feel proud about their brand. T. V Commercials T. V commercials are very effective and subtle way to promote the product and also to increase the value of customers.Its easy way to reach the customers mind and create a positive image towards a brand. Posters Posters are cheap and easy to display way to reach into customers mind and create a positive view of the brand and also to increase the value a customer holds towards the product and Engro food have worked hard to gain this position bring down THE CUSTOMER DEFECTION RATE It is not enough, however, to attract new customers the company must keep them and subjoin their businesses. To reduce the cus tomer defection rate OLPERS position the brand in a way that the customer prefer only Olpers products.Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. As can e seen, nestle milk pack, and Haleeb have the largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have to decide to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers mind. They have done a number of following steps 1. Packaging of Olpers milk and Olwell in red color and Olpers cream in gallant color are quite different and distinctive from the typical green and blue packing used by other competitors. . The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olpers BUILDING LOYALTY Creating a long tight connection to customers is the ambitiousn ess of any marketer & key to long term marketing success. Olpers build loyality of customers towards its products in the following way 1. As compared to Milk pack and Haleeb Olpers have advantage over its touch points which create a strong loyalty of customers towards Olpers. 2.One way that Olpers have adopted to gather the feedback and build strong relation with their customers is that they have asked their customers to contact and give suggestions that are listened. 3. Olpers works in the heart of its customers by knowing what is special for them. Like in Ramadan Olpers introduce and promote the traditional Ramadan theme so that the 4. Customers who value their religious heritage they are more attracted and so that in long term they are much more loyal customers towards the brand. 5. The marketers have used different positioning for Olpers products a.They have used the attribute positioning for Olpers milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpers ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. b. They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones. c. Olpers cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can be used to make cake icings and desserts look great. Measuring customer-based brand equityHR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this to understand customers feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped improve the image for Olpers. They assessed the leverage of secondary associations in this case by comparing the companys characteristic with the characteristics of Olpers. Managing custome r-based brand equityThe organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they realize the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olpers is concentrating on the emotional aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olpers has also funded Womens exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand equity. REFERENCES http//www. oracle. com/us/ integrated/customers/engro-foods-crm-on-deman-078691. pdf http//engro. com/ http//engro. com/our-businesses/engro-foods-limited/ http//engro. com/fact-sheet-engro-foods-limited/ http//www. theideaartist. com/index. php/tag/engro/ http//www. managementparadise. com/forums/marketing-management/209200-marketing-mix-engro-corporation. html http//guppu. com /2009/04/11/engro-foods-launches-omore-marketing-review/ http//www. pakvisit. com/jobs/jobs%20in%20engro%20foods%20Pakistan. html http//engro. com/wp-content/themes/engro-v1. /pdf/quarterlyreport2011/engro-food-sep-2011. pdf http//pakmediablog. net/220/omore-files/ http//pressrelease. pk/fmcg/engro-foods-launches-tarang-bhara-des-campaign/ Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioral Nations States Countries Province be on Family Gender Income Social class Life style Personality Values Benefits Loyalty User status User rate Olpers Olpers Milk Olpers Cream Olpers Olwell Olpers Olfrute Olpers Owsum 1. Defining the competitive frame of reference 2. Establish the points of difference 3. Establish the points of parity

Ap Us History American Colonies Essay

Hello and wel deduce to the exciting world that is Advanced spot United States History. You atomic number 18 now a member of an elite assemblage students who dare to fuck false on an exception alone(prenominal)y ch everyenging mannikin. The risks are great, however therefore so are the potential gains. We de pull up stakes take on this challenge together and when you are done, you exit be justifiably proud of yourself. This course is a one- course of instruction class designed to allow the student a head start on college take aim mildew, improve writing skills, sharpen problem solving techniques, and maturate get ha mos unavoidable for rigorous course work. This course is equivalent to a one semester introductory (freshman) level college U.S. history.This summers assign ment comes as a result of the time constraints shoesd on us all in coering the gigantic content in APUSH over nine months. To allow for to a greater extent an in depth study of the un the like per iods of Ameri atomic number 50 History, it is necessary to cover the first 350 years of history during the summer, individually, with some exceptionally select fitted non-fiction histories. You will be tested over the material covered in Ameri posterior Colonies when you re binge to school in August. The assigned reading is Taylor, Alan, the Statesn Colonies The Settling of North the States, Part I Encounters CH 1-5 pp. 3-113, Part II Colonies CH 6-12, pp. 117-272, and Part III conglomerates CH 13 19 pp. 275 480.THE AMERICAN COLONIES BOOK SHOULD BE PICKED UP FROM MY CLASSROOM (20) BY WEDNESDAY, MAY 19TH. THE COST OF THE BOOK WILL BE BILLED TO YOU. Read the book carefully. As you read, prolong the instructions for the book analysis on pages 3-7 of this document. AMERICAN COLONIES THE SETTLING OF NORTH AMERICAAlan TaylorREADING & NOTE-TAKING repointAs you read, you will take notes of crucial information to be described below. You are encouraged to juicy spot and/or underline key passages in the book and to annotate the text for your future reference. The first make believeing blockthat we will investigate in the fall semester is ab proscribed the American Colonies. This corresponds to Chapters 1 6 in the standard, show up of Many. You will find this book, American Colonies, by Alan Taylor, a helpful supplement to the textbook. And, as you study the textbook in the fall semester, you will identify some conflicting ideas regarding the historical significance of some events. This can serve as food for, and illustrations of, the view processes that will help you to be un defeat in your study of this course.As you read Part II, identify and take notes about the adjacent information for apiece habituation and colonial classify The name of the colonisation The founding country The date on which it was founded The name(s) of the founder(s) wherefore it was founded The case of colony it was (royal, proprietary, etc.) Difficulties after founding both in the brusque- and long-term. This includes conflicts within the colony as well as out okay(a) of the colony. Any changes in type (self-rule to royal, etc.)Also, as you read, write down any words that you do not know and, periodically, look up their definitions or meanings in a dictionary. A successful AP US History student will unceasingly arouse a neat collegiate dictionary at his/her disposal. During the act week of school you will be tested on this material.Focus Questions As you read, consider the following focalisation questions to help guide your reading. In thinking about colonial tuition, consider the political, economic, and kindly grammatical construction of distributively colonial locality. Further, consider the factors that influenced the relations with the domestic Americans in each colonial region.1. How did religion consideration the development of the raw Eng drink down colonies?2. What social function did geography and tobacco play in the develop ment of the Chesapeake?3. Analyze and analyze and contrast family life in naked Eng discharge. Pay attention to the role of women.4. Why did the first major(ip) slave rebellion, the Stono Rebellion, take place in the Carolinas?5. How did the pelt allot and religion shape the development of parvenue France?6. In what ways did conquest, religion, and geography interact in the Spanish colonies of the American southmostwest?Directions Students are to read carefully both books. all(prenominal) chapter will live with a set of questions/list of topics for which short attend responses will be inquireed to probe for understanding. Since this assignment is done on MICROSOFT name, the student need only to encumbrance the file on the computer and then bring it up on the computer screen where they can provide answers based upon what is asked for in the question. The goal is not to fish for a specific answer(s), but to ask the student probing questions for a critical understanding of what the questions are asking. Short analytical quotes are allowable however, we do not want the student to copy the material straight off from the book. It should be written in the students own voice as a summary of understanding.Chapter 1 Natives1. Pre-Columbian America is fraught with controversy. What were these conflicts? Some writers depict Pre-Columbian Americans as ecological and social saints that lived in harmony with each other and nature. However due to the mythology of europiuman colonizers, some writers believe that the Indians were warlike savages with a primitive culture.2. What are Taylors tercet ideas which he argues about migration?North and South America were the last continents occupied by mass. Siberia to Alaska offered the readiest passage from the darkened ball to the saucy World. The period from 15,000 and 12,000 years ago was an i mete out time from crossbreeding into North America.3. In the impudently World, Old world explorers encountered compl ex and diverse mints. Who were these rude(a) World batch? Where were they? What was left of the Hohokam was encountered by Spanish explores in the 16th deoxycytidine monophosphate. These Natives lived in the hills and on the rivers in what is now grey Arizona.4. How did some natives culture demand less of the environment than that of other natives?Some Natives stayed in one theater of operations which depleted the soil and wild game. Other Natives moved from place to place following their food supply.Chapter 2 Colonizers1. Why does Taylor delineates a outstanding issue over environmentalism? The environment worked to the Europeans benefit because it gave them a whole sensitive supply of natural resources. However, the environmental revolution worked against the native peoples and caused their population to decrease.2. What caused the expansion of Europeand why?The expansion of Europe was caused by the population explosion in the seventeenth and eighteenth century that wa s make possible by imported food plants developed by the Indians. The increase in population traveled to settle the Americas.3. What were the two major religions of the age of expansion? How do they come to impact the stark naked world? The two major religions were European Christianity and those of the Muslim faith. The competition betwixt the Muslims and the Christians was about administer to Asia. By trying to find and alternate route to Asia, the Christians explored the Atlantic which ultimately led them to the discovery of the unfermented(a) World.4. Why is the Atlantic marine such(prenominal) a central vital environmental concern for the colonizers? The Atlantic Ocean was some(prenominal) stormier and harder to navigate than the shallow seas that the Europeans were accustomed to.5. Once across the Ocean, what were contributions of the colonizers to the unexampled England area? The colonizers cleared the land for planting and grazing, but the toughgest impact was the e pidemics they brought to the native peoples that caused them to die in great meter.6. What does Taylor say about bondage in the peeled world?The settlers enslaved the people to work on sugar plantations, and the colonists justified their actions by reflection that slavery would ultimately save the Indians souls from hell.7. How epochal was Renaissance science and technology for the colonizers? The discoveries of the raw World launched tender interest in science and technology which the colonists freshr benefitted from.Chapter 3 spick-and-span Spain.Using short paragraphs, tote up Taylors assessment of the following 1. ConquestsIn the sixteenth century, the Spanish colonized parts of the North and South America and the Caribbean. Due to their fear of the Spanish conglomerate, the French, Portuguese, incline, and the Dutch attempted to take some of the colonized land from the Spanish. The Spanish similarly raided Central America where they as wellk slaves who told them a bout the riches of the Aztec empire. The greatest prefer that the Spanish had in their conquests was the miscellaneous affections that they unintentionally passed on to the Indians.2. ConquistadoresConquistador expeditions were private and led by in subordinate military contractors for profit. They usually had a license from the invest which gave the country a portion of any treasure claimed by the conquistador. The overriding feature for a conquistador was greed. Also,conquistadores believed that anything they did was acceptable because they forced pagans to accept Christianity and Spanish rule.3. ConsolidationThe Spanish exceed feared the conquistadores had too much power to rule in the altogether Spain. The crown in any case ruling that they killed or enslaved too umpteen an(prenominal) Indians who strength keep run short Christians and tax collapseing subjects. Eventually, many leading conquistadores died fighting each other or were forced into retirement by th e crown. 4. ColonistsDuring the sixteenth century, about 250,000 Spanish immigrated to the Americas. People from all social classes went, but the kernel classes skilled artisans dominated. Women rarely emigrated which resulted in the men taking wives among the Indians. This mixing resulted in a castas social system.5. EmpireThe center of the Spanish Empire consisted of Mexico and Peru. The American Empire was divided into two largish administrative regions called viceroyalties. They were governed by a viceroy that was appointed by the king. The viceroyalty of New Spain was made of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. Peru included all of South America except Portuguese Brazil.6. Gold & SilverMexico and Peru produced a large amount of specious and silver. Between 1500 and 1650, the Spanish delightped about 181 tons of gold and 16,000 tons of silver from America to Europe. While this seemed like a good idea at first, it actually led to economic inflation. This event ually led to the lessen of the Spanish military and economy during the seventeenth century.Chapter 4 The Spanish Frontier1. How and why does Florida became the focus of Spain?Florida becomes the focus of Spain because so many Spanish ships hauling royal revenue were attacked off of Floridas coast. To combat this,the Spanish crown relieve oneselfed a fortified colony along the Atlantic coast of Florida.2. Spain reaches west to New Mexicouse of the Adelanto system. Who was Onate? He was the viceroy who was given the job of founding the colony of New Mexico. He founded New Mexico among the Pueblo people who he greatly exploited and eventually massacred, maimed, and enslaved. He was eventually found guilty of fornication and abusing Indians and colonists.3. What significance can be attached to New Mexico Missions? Franciscans. By 1628, the friars had fifty missions in the Rio Grande Valley. These churches had thousands of converts.4. What was the Pueblo Revolt, how did it begin and wh at legislate to cause the fanaticism? After years of on and off conflict with the regulators and the Franciscans, the Pueblo vented their rage by destroying missions, farthermostms, and ranches. The Pueblos in the uprising made a special point to desecrate churches and mutilate the corpses of priests.Chapter 5 Canada & Iroquoia a happy chance in geography, a new culture, and very different group of Native Americans 1. What were the two major Native American cultural groups? How were they distinct? Algonquian and Iroquian. These two groups of Indians were distinct because of their cultures and languages.2. The key for economic development was the pelt transaction of New France. Why was that so? Fur traffic by the Europeans and Natives made them mutually dependent on each other.3. How and why did trade develop? Discuss.The French traders developed alliances with the Northern Algonquians and later the Hurons of the Iroquian culture.4. How did the fur trade operate in its widest a pplications Fur concern with the Indians began when the Indians exchanged furs with thecolonists fishing at Newfoundland. The Indians desired glassed beads and copper, while the colonists highly valued furs. Due to overhunting in Europe, furs were scarce and very expensive.5. Analyze and modify The Five Nations. Who were they? The Five Nations Iroquois lived in large, fortified hilltop villages. The women farmed large fields that fed the young men so that they could go to war. They could travel long distances to launch raids against many enemies.6. What impact did old world malady have upon new world natives? Between 1633 and 1635, smallpox and measles killed half of the Iroquois population.7. How important was the formation and development of Dutch trade system & involvement? It led to a situation in which the Iroquois and the French involve each other as enemies in put up to bear the Dutch traders at Fort Orange.8. In the new world the French brought the militant Jesuits t o catholicize the new world. Did it work? It did not work. The Iroquois eventually killed or ran off all of the Jesuit priests and their converts.Chapter 6 Virginia 1570-16501. How did face colonization differ from that of the Spanish and French? What was a later outcome of this difference? side of meat colonization was different from the colonization of the Spanish and the French because the English colonized the mid-Atlantic seaboard. The French and Spanish believed that this area was too cool for tropical coifs but too warm for the trump furs. This colonization led the colonists to the discovery of the prime commodity of tobacco in 1616. tobacco plant permitted an explosive growth in population, territory, and wealth.2. How did Sir Walter Raleigh characterize the relationship betwixt trade and power? capital of North Carolina believed that whoever commanded trade was the lord of the worlds wealth.3. What was the role of Roanoke?Roanoke was open because the island was buff ered by dangerous shoals and long sandbanks. Because of the islands location, the English believed that Roanoke promised obscurity from Spanish discovery and attack.5. Who were the sturdy beggars?Sturdy beggars were English peasants who had been made homeless and discharged by increased agricultural productivity and national wealth. This occurred because of a loss of green lands formally worked by the peasants.6. Who was Powhatan? What is the character of the Native Americans in the area? Powhatan was the paramount chief of about 24,000 Indians that were divided into thirty tribes. These Indians were coupled by an Algonquian language. These Native Americans were distinct because of the mobile way of life and the way that they divided tasks along gender lines.7. What was the importance of tobacco cultivation?Tobacco allowed the colonists to produce a commodity that consumers would pay high prices for in England.7. What was the headright system?If a man could pay his way over on a ship to Virginia, he would be given fifty acres of land and another fifty acres for any servant or relative whose way he overly paid on the ship.Chapter 7 Chesapeake Colonies 1650-17501. Who were the leading of the Chesapeake colonies?Hard-driving merchants and planters of the middle class claimed the highest occasions in the Chesapeake colonies.2. Who were the workers in the Chesapeake colonies prior to 1676? The workers in the colonies were indentured servants who were now plantersand their families. The successful planters fused to form large plantations which forced newly freed servants to become tenant farmers or move to the frontier.3. What were the frustrations of freedmen, and to where did they move? The freedmen either had to become tenant farmers, or they had to move to the frontier where they later had problems with Indians.4. stipulate Governor Berkeley.He verbalize against Virginias economic addiction to tobacco. He felt that the people under his rule were so desperately poor that they might decide to team up with the Indians to raid the colony to founder themselves. Berkeley was well like by the wealthiest colonists, and he gave the wealthy well paying public offices as well as other perks.5. What was his policy toward Indians?Berkeley opposed killing off the Indians because it would end the profitable deer skin trade that he and his friends enjoyed.6. retrace the rebellion led by Nathanial Bacon.Bacon led a group of elite planters who were upset with Berkeley and a rival group of planters who resented their lack of offices and other rewards. They gained support among the common planters and servants by promising to help them. They attacked the governor and his supporters and ran them out of Jamestown in September 1676. 7. How did the British Crown respond, and what happened to Governor Berkeley? The king said the Berkeley was an old sap, so he sent an army to restore order in Jamestown. Governor Berkeley and his supporters were ru n out of Jamestown in September 1676 by the attackers.8. How did the Chesapeake planters respond to the declining supply of duster laborers? Chesapeake planters turned to African slaves to replenish servants who had become too scarce and expensive to keep.9. What, then, did the planters do in order to keep the slaves intimidated?How did they, then, treat the common white man?The planters formed a colonial militia made up of common white men to keep the slaves from rebelling. The planters no longer feared the common white man.9. What colonies comprised the Chesapeake group?Virginia and Maryland.Chapter 8 New England 1600-17001. equivalence and contrast the settlers in New England with those in the Chesapeake colonies.Both colonies were generated due to the social and economic pressures within England. conflicting the Chesapeake colonists, the New England colonists were middling sorts. However, the Chesapeake colonists were poor and short-lived indentured servants.2. What colonies comprised New England?New England was compromised of mommy, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.3. What was the topography of New England?New England was very cold and rocky. There were in addition many seaports in the New England area.4. Who were the principal early settlers in New England?The Puritans were the first people to settle in New England. They decided to leave the Church of England and have their own way of worshipping because they did not like the monarchs religious aspects. They as well came to share and advocate the gospel to those who were lost.5. Contrast labor and land ownership in New England with that in the Chesapeake colonies.The New England colonies apt(p) land to mean who banded together to found a town, but the Chesapeake colonies leaders allocated land directly to wealthy individuals. In New England, the town was a localgovernment which was fundamental to its politics. However, the Chesapeake colonies relied of the larger county.6. Characteriz e the Puritans. What was their motivation in coming to the New World? What were the principal tenets of their religion?Faith and economics aspired the Puritans to come to the New World. The Puritans were angry with their Anglican rulers, and they thought that in New England they could purify their churches, supervise one another, and decree a code of laws derived from the Bible. The Puritans withal believed that New England would allow them to have a fresh economic start.7. Describe the Great Migration.John Winthrop was the promoter of the Great Migration. It was the most significant emigration of Puritans to the New England area. The colonists in the New England territory fared much better than the Virginia colonists.8. How did the Puritans reconcile their religion with the profit motive? The Puritans first tried to make some money. To help in keeping the people calm, the Puritans started supervising one another, purifying their churches, and making many laws. They maintained pea ce and order throughout their towns.9. Why were the Puritans concerned with a Theocracy? Education? Morality? Where they as bad as contemporary writers have alleged? The Puritans valued a theocracy because it was the study of God and religion. They precious to spread the word of God throughout the entire world and having a theocracy would help them in that goal. Because the Puritans endlessly valued growth in their towns, they always sent their children to school to learn about their colony.9. What were the principal trades in New England? (How did the people make their money?)New England used the fishing industries as their principal trade because their soil made it hard to grow crops. The Puritans learned totolerate the fishermen because they made large sums of money, even though they had no morals. Timber was also a good business for the Puritans.9. What was the economic relationship between New England and the western hemisphere Indies? The New England colonists took their ti mber and fish to the double-u Indies. They would in return get molasses, tobacco, and rum for their colony. They would sometimes also get servants to work on small plantations.11. Characterize the Bible Commonwealth.The Bible Commonwealth believed that if they did good deeds for others that in return they would receive salvation and save others. They were against worshipping idols, breaking the Sabbath, practicing magic, and blaspheming. They also believed that they were the only people that were right.12. What was the influence of Harvard University graduates on the Puritan hierarchy? The graduates were usually very important men that influenced their society in a positive manner. These men were also ministers of England.13. Characterize Rhode Island. How did it influence milliampere and Connecticut? Rhode Island did not think people by their looks or their background. They kept their state ideas and problems completely away from their church ideas and problems. Connecticut and Massachusetts did not look highly upon Rhode Island, but they were thankful for them when M&C had problematic people.14. Why did New England ultimately fail as a City upon a Hill? New England ultimately failed because the English showed no interest in their colonies. To most people in England, the Puritan experiment seemed at best strange. New England also appeared irrelevant after the triumphant restoration of the monarchy in 1660.15. Why was there such a flap over the Witchcraft Issue? Where did itoccur? People were frequently accused of witchcraft because most people did not feel safe with strange events that occurred around them. They believed that the strange things that happened had a spiritual meaning. Witchcraft took place in almost the entire New England area, but it principally happened in Salem, Massachusetts and Virginia.Chapter 9 Puritans and Indians1. List several concerns Taylor discusses in this chapter about the culture and contributions of the Natives The Natives did not waste their land at all. They planted only what was necessary for them to get through the winter and summer months. While the men would be out hunting animals, the women would tend to the fields. Colonists short took over and took the Natives land away. However, the Natives supplied the colonists with tools in order to make a high profit.2. What was the issue of property? What was meant by tribute? Were the natives exploited? Why?The colonists did not like that the Natives were blow their land. The colonists made the Natives mad by clearing out the forests which made all of their game leave. Tribute was opportunities with trade between the Indians and the colonists. Yes, because the colonists took advantage of the Natives and gave them less than what they deserved.3. Discuss the Pequot War. What were the important elements, and what was the result?The Pequot War was the first major fighting between the Indians and the English. The Pequot War started in 1636. The war occu rred because the colonists wanted more land, so they told the Indians to pay them in wampum. The colonists also wanted the Native children held as hostages. Only five natives were able to survive the war because the colonists set plunder to the village.4. Discuss female monarch Philips War. What were the important elements, and what was the result? What type of war did it eventually become? King Philips War began because the colonists hung triad Natives becausethey had allegedly killed a praying town Indian. A civil war soon broke out with Indians due to this. Since the Indian rebels ran out of food, they either had to join to other Indians or were killed.5. What was the deal about praying towns? What did it purport to do? The excogitation of praying towns was to do missionary work in a safer environment. Praying towns also kept the Indians under close supervision and pressured them to change religions. The main components of Praying towns were weak and small bands of Indians. T he Indians had to give up their culture to become English.6. What ultimate end came as victory, and yet, end in defeat? The Indians destroyed the colonists fields and towns. They made French raids throughout the years which caused much havoc for the English. As a result, the English came back taking all their towns and bringing new people with them.Chapter 10 The West Indies1. What is Taylors motivation to have us explore the West Indies in this chapter? In order for colonists to be rich, all(prenominal) colony had to have a good export crop to support them. The leading export crop in the West Indies was sugar. Because of the price of sugar, many men became rich off of it. Slaves were often used in sugar plantations.2. What significance doe Taylor attach to Barbados? Discuss. The unusual thing about Barbados is that there were pigs all over the island. They estimated that thousands of wild pigs roamed around the entire island. The pigs also supported the early colonists until they destroyed their herds by wasting them.3. What is divine revelation to the reader from the map of the West Indies? Today, the West Indies are so far predominately English speaking countries. However, many islands were discovered by the English Empire because they controlled trade.4. Discuss the major demand for the use of slavery, from whence did it come and who benefited? Slaves were mainly used to work in the sugar plantations. A large number of workers were needed to cultivate all of the crops. Eventually convicts and criminals were sent to work as slaves on the plantations. This was the period that African American slaves began to come to the Americas. The English tradesmen benefited from slavery.5. Taylor boldly declares that sugar was a rich mans crop. Why? What demand did it have outside the western hemisphere? Why the need for commercialization and hence colonization? Although there was a big profit from sugar, it cost a lot of money to grow. Many rich men started sugar pla ntations because they essential expensive machinery, technical knowledge, precise timing, and strenuous labor. Many colonists came to the West Indies to make a profit off of sugar because the English used it to sweeten their tea.6. Discuss the planter aristocracy. Analyze the social strata for the West Indies population. The planters aristocracy was an elite group of gentlemen that made a large amount of money off of the plantations in the West Indies. Corporations that could not make it alone were often bought out by the aristocracy, who gave them more land. The social hierocracy was divided into three parts the planter elite, the middle class planters, and the slaves.7. Finally, what does Taylor have to say about the importance of Jamaica? What is his central program line? The Jamaicans welcomed the people that left Barbados. The new colonists eventually produced more sugar than ever before on the island of Barbados. Jamaica also held many rubbere camps for maroons who in turn helped catch runaway slaves.Chapter 11 Carolina 1670-17601. Who were the initial settlers of Carolina?The initial settlers of Carolina were a group of West Indies planters. They named Carolina after King Charles II, and they formed the colony during the 1670s. The colony was later governed by eight proprietors.2. What was the purpose for the settlement of Carolina?The purpose of the settlement of Carolina was to become a big plantation settlement. It offered many possibilities for the farmers because the land in the Carolina was very fertile.3. Characterize the topography of Carolina.Carolina had many coastal plains that had good fertile soil. It also had rivers that provided irrigation for the crops. The swamps in the Carolina area also helped the colonists in various ways.4. Characterize the clime of Carolina.The summers in Carolina were very long and were hot and humid. Unlike the summers, the winters were short and cold. Because the Englishmen could not stand the hot summers, they usually went away for the humid summers.5. What was the concern about interaction between the Indians and the slaves? The colonists were hard-pressed that the slaves and Indians would join together and team up against the colonists. The colonists knew that they would be defeated because their numbers could not equality to that of the slaves and Indians.6. How did the leadership of Carolina go about keeping the Indians and the slaves separate? If the Indians caught a runaway slave, they were promised to be given a large amount of goods by the colonists. Therefore, the Indians were constantly looking for runaway slaves to get guns, ammunition, and clothes.7. Where was rice grown in Carolina?Rice was planted in the wet lowlands of Carolina. The colonists attempted to plant the rice in a climate that was identical to west Africa.8. Who taught the planters how to grow rice?The slaves from west Africa taught the colonists how to grow rice.9. How much rice was grown in the first half of the 1700s? What was the effect of this rice on the economy?During the first half of the 1700s, there was cardinal million pounds of rice grown. Rice became the second largest exported plant in Europe .9. What was a second important plantation crop?The second most valuable crop was indigo. Indigo was used as gloomy dye in the clothing factories in England.10. How much did this crop increase in growth between 1750 and 1760? The crop increased approximately 437,000 pounds between 1750 and 1760.11. What was the effect of working conditions and climate on slave mortality? Many slaves were worked to death. The mortality rate increased in Carolina because the climate was much hotter than that of the West Indies.13. What else did the imported Africans face to Carolina? Who was affected by this disease?The Africans brought many diseases to Carolina that the Indians had never been exposed to. Malaria was by far the worst disease that was introduced to the Indians. Carolina planters w ere the main people that were affected by the diseases, but the Indians were also greatly affected.14. What was the growing fear of the planters?Since the portentous slaves outnumbered the white planters, they were afraid that their slaves would team up against them and make a rebellion against the whole planter elite.15. What actions did the planters take in response to this fear? Due to this fear, the planters kept the slaves as busy as possible. The planters also select the West Indies slave system, so the slaves were constantly watched and had cruel punishments.16. What became a reality near Charles Town on the Stono River, and when?A real slave rebellion began on September 9, 1739. cardinal plantations were burned, and their owners were killed.17. Who were the founders of atomic number 31?British imperialists and Carolina officials.18. What role does Oglethorpe play?He led the first group of colonists to Savannah, gallium, and he was also the leader of the Georgia Trustees who was a group of social reformers interested in Georgia. He could have been know as the leader of Georgia.19. How was the colony financed, and what was the significance of that? The colony was primarily funded by the crown and parliament. However, charitable donations were also made by various people. Georgia was the first colony funded by British taxpayers. 20. Compare and contrast land ownership in Georgia with the other Southern colonies, especially for the purpose of increasing the number of whites willing to work and heart-to-heart of bearing guns.Georgia did not accept slavery at first and rejected using dispirited men as slaves. However, the white ethnicity was still dominated.21. Why does Taylor have a section in which he discusses the gun trade? Indians would listen and help the white settlers control their slaves, if the white men would trade them their guns. This made it easier on the settlers.22. Who were the Raiders and what is revealed about these groups? The Raide rs were Westo Indians who spoke the Iroquoian language. They originated from the Indians around Lake Erie. The Westo Indians eventually destroyed all of the Cusabo people.23. What good reasons does Taylor have for discussing fear in the territory? Many white planters were scared that the slaves wouldrebel and kill all of them throughout all of the colonies. The European countries would be put in debt if all of the white planters were killed. Destruction was horrible when the slaves rebelled.24. What were the main points of Georgia governing?The main governing power of Georgia was the Georgia Trustees. The crown and parliament also governed Georgia by funding every expense they had.25. What characteristic did the low country of Georgia and South Carolina retell? Georgia and Carolina replicated the West Indies plantation system. They also relied on slaves to work for them in their large agricultural businesses.26. What is Taylors final conclusion about this area during this century? Georgia and Carolina provided many opportunities for the settlers, whether it was a settler that got a big piece of land or a small piece of land.Chapter 12 Middle Colonies 1600 17001. What region did the English neglect during the early 17th Century? The English neglected the area between the New England colonies and the Chesapeake Bay colonies.2. Describe the topography and climate of the mid-Atlantic region. Compare and contrast with New England and the Chesapeake.The land in the mid-Atlantic region was fertile, unlike the rock soil of New England. There were three major rivers that provided irrigation and fish. The Chesapeake colonies were also much more sickly than the mid-Atlantic regions.3. Who took advantage of this neglect?The Swedes and the Dutch took advantage of the neglect, and this also led them to build small colonies in the Delaware and Hudson valleys.4. How did England react to those who took advantage?At first, the English starting protesting, but later they coul d do nothing about it because they were very weak compared to the Dutch. The English became very jealous of the Dutch because the Dutch were becoming very wealthy. The English rose up in power and started trying to take back the middle colonies.5. What was the progression of colonial types (royal, proprietary, etc.)? At first, they were propriety colonies because England had lacked dues when they were established. Once the crown grew back in wealth, they were able to turn back into royal colonies6. Describe the event and result of the English naval squadron in 1664. The English wanted respect from the colonists, so they wanted to take the New Netherlands away from the Dutch. In the end the English were successful because the Dutch had to thin their population to save both the Delaware and Hudson valleys.7. Characterize the Dutch Empire.The people from the Dutch Empire were very smart and tactful of doing things. Most of their profits came from the sugar industry unlike the other Eu ropean nations. They always took care of what they had and took care of it precisely.8. restrain a list of Dutch ( New Netherland ) contributions to the area. The Dutch construct New Amsterdam which became a large seaport for trading ships. They also founded the first colonies in the middle colonies.9. Who did the Dutch welcome that were not welcome in most European realms? The Dutch welcomed the Jews into their realm. They also welcomed many different religions that werent looked upon from the European people. They were the most diverse in the religious outlooks.10. What is the significance of the phenomenon of Dutch trading companies losing money?The Dutch trading companies losing money helped them get a biggerprofit than before. It also helped establish the Dutch West Indies trading company.11. What economic advantage did Dutch shippers enjoy? Who took advantage of this? The Dutch shippers get more profit then the English ships because the Dutch charged thirty-three percent le ss. The English took advantage of it.12. Describe the Navigation serves. What was the significance of these acts? The Navigation Acts were documents that give tongue to only English exports could sell English ships. They were also not allowed to trade or sell with any European countries. The acts began because the Dutch was charging less, so they all interchange stuff to them which made the Dutch Empire more rich than the English.13. Highlight the events between the English and New Netherlands in 1664 and 1667. English people sent war ships to conquer the New Netherlands because the Dutch were getting too powerful. After the Dutch surrendered, the English gave the garrison to Virginia. A peace treaty was then made in 1667 where the Dutch gave the New Netherlands to the English.14. What resulted from these events with regard to the Indian nations? The English traded with the Mohawk and Iroquoian Indians, instead of the Dutch. They also increased the prices of their goods in order to make the Indians pay more. When other Indians started to attach the Mohawk and Iroquoian Indians, the English refused to help.15. What action did the Duke of York take in 1664? What resulted from this action? The Duke of York gave the lands between the Delaware and Hudson valleys to two men. Then they sell it to two other men which were English and stinting Quakers. The colony of New Jersey was then split in half. The Scottish Quakers ruled the east part of Jersey, while the English Quakers ruled the west part.16. What situation was New Jersey left in?The crown reunited New Jersey in 1702 because it was not doing well. New Jersey was also not nearly as powerful economically and agriculturally as its two powerful neighboring colonies. This left New Jersey in the shadows of their great strength and achievements.17. Who founded Pennsylvania , and why?William Penn founded Pennsylvania because he had always wanted a large colony of his own.18. Explain the factional divide that set the older, non-Quaker settlements against the more numerous and mostly Quaker newcomers.The Non-Quakers thought the Quakers ere not a real religion and they had no right to be known as a religion. The Quakers also did not support slavery.19. What action did Penn take when he was unable(p) to reconcile these two regions? Penn thought that it would be best to make the Quakers a real religion by the King of England. The king made the Quakers a true religion and the non-Quakers started accepting them better.20. What is the status of religion in the Middle Colonies? What is the status of religious dissenters?The religion in the Middle Colonies was very diverse. They also accepted every type of religion, and they did not persecute anyone who thought differently.As you read Part III, identify and take notes about the following specific detailsChapter 13 Revolutions 1685-17301. Who succeeded King Charles I? Characterize his dealings with the American colonies. King James II, often known as th e Duke of York, succeeded King Charles I. he often called the American colonies, cash cows. King James II only worried about the money the people made and not the people themselves. He thought the people should do as he said and respect the crown.2. What action did Massachusetts take in 1678?Massachusetts stated that they thought the English laws did not reach the American colonies. The king did not like this, so he revoked their charter. He also made up all the governors in the surrounding colonies in order to have complete control.3. Who was the governor-general? Explain what he did.The governor-general was Sir Edmund Andros. He levied taxes which made the mother country receive more money than the needy colonies. He replaced puritan officers with Anglican officers and he also made sure the Puritan clergy did not receive a salary from the crown.4. What significant claim did the Reverend John Wise make in 1678? What was the importance of this claim? What response did Andros make to this claim? Reverend John Wise rallied a group of people to oppose the new taxes enforced by Andros. He stated since they had the same rights as Englishmen then they could not have levied taxes against them. Andros response was they had left English rights behind when they crossed the Atlantic Ocean.5. What action did the district take to enforce the Navigation Acts? Why was this a particular hardship on the colonists?The Dominion established a vice-admiralty court that condemned at least six merchant ships. This made some of their money bootless because they could only trade with Englishmen.6. By what name were the supporters of William, the Dutch Prince of Orange known? What did they call for?The supporters were known as Whigs. The Whigs wanted a fantabulous Revolution, which meant a united group of English people had to come together. Later, the Glorious Revolution happened.Chapter 14 The Atlantic 1700 17801. What effect did the Navigation Acts have on the Chesapeake and th e West Indies ? The Navigation Act ordered that the Chesapeake and West Indies export their sugar to England. They were given bills of exchange that allowed them not to have any debt, since they exported more than theyimported.2. What effect did a growing economy have on free colonists? The free colonists were taxed less than the English and obtained a better income than those in England. They were also allowed to have a higher standard of living that their counterparts in Europe.3. Explain the effect that a larger disposable income had on free colonists. They were able to but farms and terminate livestock to support themselves. It also enabled them to build houses at a cheaper price. Since they made a little bit of extra money, they were able to live a healthier life style.4. How many slaves did the British colonies import during the eighteenth Century? whiz and a half million slaves were imported during the eighteenth century.5. What was the mortality rate among new slaves in th e Chesapeake colonies during the early 18th Century?Since the Chesapeake colonies were fed much better and healthier than those in the West Indies, they survived longer.6. How did the number of African-born slaves compare to the number of American-born by the mid-18th Century?The African born were still overpowering the numbers of the American born.Chapter 15 Awakenings 1700 17751. Identify 10 facts about religion and religious establishments in the colonies 1700 1775.The colonist were necessitate to attend and pay a tax to an established church in the colonies. Congregationalist sustained an especially impressive establishment in New England, except for Rhode Island, the Congregationalist had the largest denomination. Also, the New English owns enforced a Sabbath that restricted activity to the home and church, if you got caught working, playing or traveling, you got fined.2. Describe the results of denominational reconciliation between the late 1740s and 1772. When they attract ed more listeners and training ministers, they got together to celebrate their victory. They also did not care about the religious radical, so they got together.3. Who was George Whitfield? What is his contributions?George Whitfield, a young Anglican minister, helped develop an evangelical style of preaching at differences with the church of England. He also became the first celebrity seen and heard by many colonists. He traveled and told many people about God. He helped the printing press get revolutionized by getting his stories printed.4. Discuss Old Lights vs. New Lightswho was what?The New Lights were those people who believed in the divine grace and the Old Light were those who were against the evangelical style of preaching. The Old Lights believes in structural spiritual preaching with completely no emotions, while the New Lights believed in Whitefields preaching methods.Chapters 16 19 using the following topics Taylor discusses, outline why they are historically significan t and what impact they had on colonial development. Chapter 16French in America 1650-17501. EmigrantsStarted going to Canada, the fur trading company district for the French. In 1673, the government wanted to save money, so they stopped which caused emigrants to stop coming. The emigrants helped develop many new towns that enriched France.2. GeographyThe winters in French America were extremely long and cold. The river they had was the ST. Lawrence, which was frozen a lot of the time, so voyages were much longer. The emigrants were usually very few because of these harsh conditions.3. OpportunityWhen the French lived in France, they were poor, but if they stayed in Canada, they had a higher standard of living. They would hunt game for food. The wives were treated mush better in Canada than in England. The women were able to own land or even live as nuns in convents.4. AuthorityLouis XIV ruled over everyone at his house without and parliament rulers. He appointed three rival official s, a governor, a general, a civil administrator and a Catholic bishop. Although they sometimes fought, they always performed a decent job of keeping the French colonies orderly.5. The Upper CountryThe Upper Country was a land full of forests and lakes. They also das a middle ground solutions that states that neither Indians nor colonists could dominate each other. They set up small refugee camps, so when the Indians were in trouble they could find a place of refuge6. LouisianaSieur de La Salle established Louisiana for King Louis XIV. They traded guns, ammunition and furs with the Indians. He geography of Louisiana was a very wet, swampy area with very hot summers. Colonists who lived there cared more about their slaves because they cost more than the soldiers.7. Rebels and AlliesLouisiana was split into two distinctive settlements. The first was a small plantation with settlers. The second was an immense hinterland dominated by Indians. The Natchez people decided to kill many of th e settlers because they went into their territory.8. DependenceThe crown pulled upper country posts because they were so tired of losing money. The Indians depended on the French for trade, so the French got stuck with them. The French sold goods for less than the English, so they did not help the English Empire.Chapter 17The Great Plains 1680-18001. Villagers and NomadsThe Villagers lived along the rivers of the southern plains. One group of villagers spoke Siouan which consisted of the Mandan, Hidatsa, Omaha and Ponca. The others were Caddoan speakers. The villagers would walk far out into the plain twice a year to hunt buffalo. The Nomads also hunted buffalo, but when they ran out they would kill their dogs and eat them.2. The Bread Basket of the WorldThe Bread Basket of the World was when the Villagers and Nomads would plant different foods. They would sometimes plant rice, wheat, potatoes, manioc or maire to scat themselves. They would plant a lot at one time and save it for t he winter months.3. GenizarosGenizaros were captives that worked for New Mexicans or were sent to work in the silver mines. Whenever they were taken captive, they were usually children and usually never returned home. The children worked on ranches and often suffered sexual exploitation. After 1740, the free Genizaros got together and formed small communities. Later, they obtained land and served New Mexico as restrict guards.4. Horses and gunsHorses first evolved in North America before spreading tocopherol. They became extinct in North America for some time, but they then returned to North America as domesticated animals kept by Latino colonists. As the Great Plains people obtained horses, they also obtained firearms. The primary reason they wanted guns were to defend their villages and raid their enemies. However, they still used bows for hunting their buffalo.5. TexasThe French traders traveled the Great Plains during the eighteenth century to seek people to trade items with. The Wichita Pawnee villagers got better firearms than the mission Indians and raided the Apache andPueblo for captives to sell. In 1716, the Spanish make new missions in east Texas, where the Caddo people lived.6. Comanche and ApacheThe Comanche were the big winners, but the Apache were aggressively catching up to the Comanche. The Comanche soon acquired horses as they moved southeast onto the southern plains. The Comanche would often raid the Apache for horses, women, children and buffalo territory. 7. Bourbon ReformsNew Mexico was saved by Spanish officials during the 1770s and 1780s. The reform was very slow at first, but it progressed very quickly under the leadership of Teodoro de Croix, military commander of the northern frontier, Bernardo de Galvez, viceroy of New Spain and Juan Bautista de Anza, governor of New Mexico.8. The Northern PlainsThe Northern Plains completion was between the British and French traders. It cost the British much less to get across the Northern Pla ins than it did the French. London merchants set up fortified trading posts on the bays western shore. The traders were more of a help than a threat to the colonists.Chapter 18Imperial Wars and Crisis 1739-17751. Renewed WarThe British began to realize the increasing wealth and power of France. The French Empire began to grow in the West Indies because of their sugar plantations. Instead of directly attacking the French, the British attacked Frances ally, the Spanish. The British attacked Spanish shipping, ports, and islands around the Caribbean in hopes of restoring British predominance.2. Balance of PowerBoth English and French imperialists accept in North America that the Indians determined the balance of military power. Because theIndians dominated the forests between the two empires, they could balk the advance of their colonial enemy and destroy settlements. The Indians held the ultimate power position between the French and British.3. Seven eld WarPeace did not last long i n the New World. In Nova Scotia, the British built a navy base at Halifax in 1749 to counter nearby Louisburg. Alarmed, the French built two new forts at the Bay of Fundy, which the British resented as an intrusion on their colony. The Seven Years War formed because of the French and British overacting to local aggressions.4. Indian RebellionsThe collapse of New France began a series of problems for the Indians. They could no longer play the French and the British off against one another to maintain their own independence, maximize their presents, and ensure trade competition. Most colonial traders cheated and abused Indians in pursuit of quick profit, which ultimately led to many rebellions. 5. Imperial CrisisThe Imperial Crisis was primarily about the colonists not wishing to pay taxes levied by a parliament in England in which they were not represented. This happened even though they were already taxed far less than Britain that lived in England. The tax demands of the British a lso happened at the same time the economy of the colonists was in a postwar depression.6. Empire of libertyAt first, the colonists wanted to remain a part of the Empire of Great Britain because they had such a good deal. Only after Great Britain began to insist on new taxes did they consider independence. The colonists did not want a war, and they thought that Great Britain would back down. After winning independence, the new Americans spread across the continent to the west as their military pushed the Indians and the Hispanics out of the way.Chapter 19The Pacific 1760- 18201. RussiansThe Russians came eastward across Siberia because of hunting. They traded in western Europe and eventually China in exchange for porcelain, tea, and silk. The Russian traders, known as promyshlenniki, were well armed and came in large number to intimidate the Siberian native people. The Russians also exposed the Siberians to diseases and alcohol which caused their population to be devastated.2. Transc ontinentalismThe Russians continued this system of terror and forcing natives to produce skins in the Aleutians and Alaska. They wanted to set up something like the Hudsons Bay Company in Canada, but they were not able to do so.3. Alta CaliforniaBy the 1760s, the Spanish learned about the Russians being in the Aleutians Islands and were worried that they would go further south and west. They were also worried that the British would cross the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, they ordered the colonization of California.4. CrossingsThe Spanish failed to colonize the Alta California area to much extent because they lacked horticulture, precious metals, and adobe towns that the Spanish considered necessary for conquests and missions. The mountainous coast also provided few well-sheltered harbors for shipping.5. MissionsThe Spanish thought that the California Indian cultures were stupid and insensible. They thought of the Indians as children who needed to be rescued, baptized , and converted to Catholicism.6. IslandsThe Pacific Islands were not explored by the Spanish until the early sixteenth century when Magellan discovered a western route into the Pacific through the strait named for him. After this, the Spanishestablished a colony at Manila in the Philippines. 7. NootkaDuring 1778, Captain Cook sailed along the north-west coast of North America while going between howdy and Vancouver Island. During this time, Cook spent a month at an inlet on Vancouver Islands west coast. This was mistakenly called Nootka by Cook. The Natives actually named this place Yuquot. This place and people were referred to as Nootka from that time on.8. KamehamehaDuring the 1780s and the 1790s, Chief Kamehameha became the dominant chief of the Hawaiian islands. He defeated the chiefs of the other islands and unified Hawaii under one ruler.9. Conclusions What are theyThe Spanish lost out in North America because they were more interested in Catholic converts than establishin g economic strongholds. The dominant power on the Pacific Rim became the United States. The United States also dominated from the Atlantic west to California, bought Alaska from the Russian, and absorbed Hawaii in 1898.Grading of the written assignments1. The responses to the questions will be graded on clarity, comprehension and understanding of the material. Each answer to the questions must be in your own words. DO NOT COPY WORD FOR WORD FROM THE READINGS . 2. This assignment is worth 100 pointsSo, there it is Your summer assignment for AP United States History. Due Date and sufferance RequirementsThis assignment is due on Monday, August 8, 2011. (Of course you may submit it earlier, which I strongly suggest. go int wait until the last minute) You MUST submit this summer assignment to Mr. Porter via netmail. Make sure you send the assignment as an attachment. SAVE A COPY OF YOUR telecommunicate IN YOUR EMAIL SENT ITEMS FOLDER. The attachment must be in Microsoft Word or PDF f ormat in order for me to read your work. SAVE A COPY OF THIS ASSIGNMENT ON YOUR COMPUTERYou may submit this assignment to one of two email addresses 1. mimloghotmail.com (preferred)2. tjrules1743hotmail.com (only if first address does not work)I will reply to your email informing you it was received. If you do not hear from me within 24 hours, email me again to ensure I received your assignment. Make sure your name is stated on the email. If for some reason you are unable to email this assignment, then you may bring it to school by August 9th and a member of the office staff will put it in my mailbox (only as a last resort). Any work received without your name on it will NOT be graded and will receive in a grade of zeroIf you have any questions regarding this assignment, please email me and Ill get back to you as soon as I can. (DONT WAIT UNTIL AUGUST 8th). I will be out of town from 6/19-6/22 and 7/07-7/18, so plan accordingly if you have any questions.FAILURE TO SUBMIT THIS ASSIGN MENT BY THE DUE DATE WILL RESULT IN A ZERO GRADE (not a good way to start off the year)facial expression forward to seeing all of you on Friday August 12th Mr. Porter