Teachers should give less homework Essay

Let’s imagine waking up super early in the morning, then making your way to a place that’s complete chaos, called School, then going through seven class periods, seven slow hours. Doing tons of work in classes working hard. So when the day is finally over you’re just ready to go home and relax, not to do stressful, super hard homework that you were given that day. I believe teachers should give less homework for many reasons. One being, us students get overwhelmed when we have too much homework. If homework for one class takes us 45 minutes up to an hour, imagine doing homework for all seven classes that you attend. Another reason being children would have more times for activities outside of school, such as sports, family time, or even academic activities outside of school, if they didn’t have so much homework to finish. High School kids don’t get as much sleep as they should because they are up doing countless amounts of homework for the maximum of seven classes, and if we aren’t doing homework were studying for a test or possibly even multiple tests we might have the following day. More work doesn’t mean necessarily mean more learning. Assigning more homework isn’t helping us students learn more, especially if it’s really overwhelming and we don’t understand how to do it, so we don’t. If teachers limited the quantity of how much homework we had, then they would receive better quality back, meaning if you assign us less homework/decrease how long the assignments are, and then you can expect us to do more quality work on what you do assign. Family time is valuable. We want to be able to truly spend time with our family members in the evenings, but we can’t accomplish that because homework takes up all that time we would have normally used. And, yes, I know that for lots of students it’s the TV that’s their companion at night instead of their parents. But that’s not how it is with all the students. There are definitely families out there who want to relax together in the evening but simply cannot do so because their child is entrenched with homework. Plus, the teachers could benefit from this as well. Less homework means less tracking and grading for teachers. If this were the only reason for giving less homework, then it would not be a very good one. But as it stands, there are lots of great reasons to give less homework, but those are some reasons why I believe teachers should give less homework.

‘Joseph Stalin’s Foreign Policy During and After the Second World War Was an Unmitigated Failure.’ Do You Agree with This Statement?

Question 1: ‘Joseph Stalin's foreign policy during and after the Second World War was an unmitigated failure. ‘ Do you agree with this statement? Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the USSR, who had signed two agreements during and after the Second World War. The two agreements were signed under Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference in February 1945 and 17 July – 2 August 1945 respectively. These two agreements were both influenced USSR future. In the following essay, it proves whether Joseph Stalin's foreign policy during and after the Second World War was an unmitigated failure.First of all, the definition of ‘foreign policy' is the interaction between countries that they are going to achieve something and both have benefit with it. On the other hand, according to the Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, the terms, ‘unmitigated' and ‘failure' mean ‘†complete†, usually when describing something bad' and à ¢â‚¬Ëœnot successful, lack of success in doing or achieving something' respectively. In my opinion, I would define ‘unmitigated failure' as no achievement and totally fail to obtain the goal, as well as making a bad situation to itself.At the end of the Second World War (February 1945), there was a Yalta Conference held in the Crimea. The purpose of this Conference was discussing Germany's post-war reorganization. The Big Three were attended, including Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. The agreement was signed to divide Germany into zone, under control by United State, USSR and British, and later France, as well as her capital, Berlin. Notwithstanding, Berlin was inside the control region of USSR; this situation implicated the potential crisis later.As Berlin located inside Eastern Germany, where under USSR’s control, it allowed the US, Britain and Frances to enter the USSR’s control area. It implies that, although the USSR had spread its p ower to the Eastern Germany, it did not mean that USSR would have a total authority of it. Therefore, it could regard as one of the failure of Joseph Stalin’s foreign policy. In addition, the free election holds in the Baltic States, Poland, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe Since the agreement divided the Eastern part of Germany to USSR, the power of USSR spread to the Eastern Europe.However, Stalin was not satisfied with it, â€Å"Stalin's postwar goals were security for himself, his regime, his country, and his ideology, in precisely that order. † (John 1972 p. 11) We can notice that Stalin's was a very aggressive person, never stopped achieving the greater goal. Although he had already occupied the Eastern Germany, that is not enough for him. He would rather do more to protect and expand USSR, instead of being satisfied. â€Å"No internal challenges could ever again endanger his personal rule†¦ o external threats would ever again place his country at risk†¦ the international communist movement, enormously feared — but also widely worshipped† (John 1972 p. 11) Moreover, Stalin was very careful about the internal challenges and external threats. Apart from deciding to eliminate the dangers and territories towards his country, Stalin's communism was also feared by other, and being widely worshipped. Nonetheless, USSR was not totally benefited on it; the agreement caused USSR fell into dilemma later.As the United State and British were pursued capitalism, it could be a worse situation to USSR. This extreme contrast between countries gave rise to their bad attitude toward one another. According to Lenin, â€Å"The most important one was the belief, which went back to Lenin, that capitalists would never be able to cooperate with one another for very long† (John 1972 p. 12) Lenin belief is true, since after the Second World War, USSR and US no longer had common enemy, the tension and mistrust between these two countries was deteriorated.After the Second World War, the Potsdam Conference held in Potsdam, Germany. This conference also attended by the big three, the New US president, Harry Truman did not inform Stalin that US had made and successfully tested the atomic bombs which regarded as powerful new weapon at that time. It lends to the tension and conflicts arose. The resentful relationship between USSR and USA break out in this conference. Although the foreign policy of Joseph Stalin caused USSR to fall into difficulty, there were some achievements.Obviously, no policy could be defined as unmitigated failure, every policy at least have its own achievement. Therefore, I disagree with this statement. Reference:  · John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War, p. 11,12  · Stalin's Mistake, http://www. fsmitha. com/mistakes/victory-stalin. htm surf on 30/10/2012  · Yalta Conference foreshadows the Cold War, http://www. history. com/this-day-in-history/yalta-conference-foreshadows-the-cold-war surf on 30/1 0/2012

Rights and Obligations of Ship Owner under the Bill Of Lading Essay

Rights and Obligations of Ship Owner under the Bill Of Lading - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the central role played by the bill of lading in international trade cannot be underestimated. The history of this document dates back to the 14th century where it was merely a receipt showing that the shipowner had received a certain quantity of goods shipped. Later the bill of lading developed in status from the mere receipt it used to be to the level of becoming a document of title. This is in terms of the carriage were progressively incorporated into the bill of lading. In effect, the bill of lading implied possession. For instance, a buyer of goods in port A could not transfer the goods to a third party until the physical goods in the high seas arrived. With the developments in international and the elevation of the bill of lading to a document of the title then a buyer of goods could transfer or resell them to a third party without the physical possession of the goods. This was made possible by the bill of lading which puts an im plied obligation the shipowner to deliver the goods to the holder of the original bill of lading in the agreed port. The duty to ensure delivery of the goods shipped to the holder of the original bill of lading is central to trade and as a result of this duty, being in possession of the original bill of lading impliedly had the same effect as being in possession of the goods in transit. From the above short overview, there are several duties imposed on the shipowner by the bill of lading. Key among these being the duty to deliver the cargo to the holder of the original bill of lading, failure to do so makes the carrier liable both in contract and tort. The following essay explores the duties and rights of the shipowner under the bill of lading in details.

Circuit Soldering Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Circuit Soldering Assignment - Essay Example It normally commences melting at 183 degree centigrade. Plastic solder differs subject to the proportion of tin and lead. Exhaust fan aids in preventing an individual from inhaling the solder fumes in the soldering station. Safety goggles prevents flying solders from entering the eyes of the person undertaking soldering process whilst clips aids in holding the work piece being join (Jepson, Tyler & Gregory, pp. 178-198). Moistening action is the flush action of solder, which normally develops intermetallic connection amidst the sections. It occurs when hot solder encounters with the copper surface forming a metal solvent action thereby making the solder to dissolves and infiltrates the prevailing copper surface. This makes the molecules of solder and copper to blend thus forming a new alloy with one part copper and the other solder (Jepson, Tyler & Gregory, pp. 167-189). The process solely occurs when the superficial of copper does not have impurity and corresponding oxide film. Suitable solder links is accomplished with cleaned surfaces with solvents before soldering process. Fluxes are utilized in overcoming oxide film on electronic and it mainly entail normal or synthetic rosins and chemical additives. A flux removes oxide during the soldering operation via flux action, which is extremely corrosive at the solder melt temperatures (Jepson, Tyler & Gregory, pp. 167-189). Melt temperature is normally responsible for the flux’s capability to rapidly removal of oxides. Nevertheless, in its underlying unheated state, rosin flux is normally in the non-corrosive and non-conductive thus does not affect circuitry. Moreover, fluxing action aids in removal of oxide, prevention of reformation of the new oxides thus allowing the solder to form the preferred intermetallic

Written Business Communication (Peer Response #1) Assignment

Written Business Communication (Peer Response #1) - Assignment Example A proper management that would ensure systematic logging and planting of trees is an example. Regulated logging and plantation that would ensure sustainability of a safe percentage of the vegetation, based on scientific survey, would provide jobs for logging services and the plantation and management of growing trees and at the same time meet the interest of logging companies, authorities, and political stakeholders. The alternative further integrates your initial proposal but improves it by ensuring immediate implementation. In addition, the proposal has more benefits because it will offer opportunities for improving the vegetation, based on tourists taste and preferences, for more effective tourist attraction. New varieties of trees that can attract more tourists can be planted in the region to boost tourism and other improvements can be done on the area than when it previously had limited room for innovation. The proposal is based on the utilitarian concept that advocates for maximum benefit, of decisions or actions, to a majority of members of the society (Brooks and Dunn,

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Language development - Essay Example In all of these aspects of language acquisition, language imbalance should be considered when gauging the extent and ability of child in the process of learning a second language. Language imbalance is brought about by a conflict between two or more languages that a child is exposed to in the development process (Hoff, 2009). Influences on vocabulary are characterized by a myriad of factors in a child’s life both at school and at home. Vocabulary development is influenced by language socialization that takes two general styles of child-rising that are child-centered and situation centered. In child centered approach, adults use two strategies of self-lowering through baby talk and child rising by interpreting unintelligible gibberish(Barrett, 1999). The situation-centered approach does not require adults to simplify their language, but children are expected to learn, understand and produce adult like speech mannerism. The culture surrounding a child has a significant influence on the development of language in a child because it influences the development of their identity. Cultural influencers, in society, determine the personality and identity that a child forges for self in line with what the societal norms dictate (Barrett, 1999). Young English language learners should be encouraged by their educators, caregivers and parents to achieve a more rounded language development process. Teachers need to be good models of language use and encourage learners to interact with other children as much as possible (Hoff, 2009). This is aimed at reinforcing their vocabulary repertoire. Second language learners can be exposed to meaningful learning activities that encourage them to practice their new language

What do qualitative methods have to offer clinical psychology as Essay

What do qualitative methods have to offer clinical psychology as research tools - Essay Example Qualitative researchers more than often have a common intention to enrich their interpretations or critiques of symbols and subjective experiences or social structures through these methods. (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). According to Guba and Lincoln (p. 106), there is an identified set of four conditions that are essential for a naturalistic inquiry when talking in terms of clinical psychology and it is these conditions which underline the criteria for trustworthiness between a psychological researcher and a patient. Now this goes without saying that trustworthiness is a critically important issue in psychological research and the criteria for assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic inquiry especially, profoundly relies on qualitative research. The primarily important condition among the rest relates to the methods applied in the research. These are the qualitative methods which heavily depend on human senses and these are considered the most appropriate and beneficent methods for carrying out investigation of multiple realities, worldwide. This is so because such methods are highly adaptable to mutually shaping influences and value patterns that gradually arise in the clinical research. This all ows open discussion among the participants and the researcher allowing them to elaborate their understandings in addition to creating a setting that enables the researcher to appreciate and grasp the verbal responses of the participants. The whole point of qualitative methods generally is to gather information through loosely-structured interviews, critical analysis of the participants’ responses as well as the scientific literature and transient observations. Defining qualitative research, Cook and Reichardt (p. 7) stated: Qualitative research methods include ethnography, case study, in depth interviews, and participant observation. Ethnography is a

Writing Exercise #3(Critical Evaluation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing Exercise #3(Critical Evaluation) - Essay Example The presence of the two serves as documents of giving historical evidence of significance in Venetian saint. In early literature, the cycle scholars identified these two canvases as the only works of ground cycle left unrecorded in the history of documents. However, in 1920, Rudolf Berliner published documents based on Sala Terrene cycle, which became the point of departure in the consideration of dating and documentation of paintings cycles. In contrast, the works of Berliner in the interpretation of the documents did not include any references of Mary Magdalene or Mary of Egypt, contributing to questions on the originality of the series by Hans Tietze. Therefore, the paintings’ cycle of documentations dates back in the times of Mary Magdalene and Mary of Egypt. Moreover, it is important to record documentations of history as it contributes to learning materials from the past times to the present periods with critical evidences as it depicted in the paintings’ cycles o f Sala Terrena. Three paintings of Mary Magdalene and Mary of Egypt are undocumented. Valentina Sapienza suggests that the two documents from 1582 and 1583 comprise payment evidence of several canvases that completes in Sala Terrena. This was contrary to Berliner’s assumption that Mary Magdalene and Mary of Egypt were left undocumented. Sapienza suggests that the payment of sixteen-azurite pigment lead to the indirect documentation of these paintings. Therefore, the works of paintings in Caravaggio and religion was a vital operation that earned a lot of attention in the past. It enabled many people in the past to earn good money and even promote different ideas in paintings to different parts of the areas. The paintings’ created changes in counter- reformation theology have different people perceived the paintings differently in more broad and diverse ways considering the presence of Mary Magdalene and Mary of Egypt in the paintings. It also earned a

Food Business and the Defence of Due Diligence Essay

Food Business and the Defence of Due Diligence - Essay Example The accused operator is required to establish beyond doubt that the proposed offence occurred due to the fault or negligence of a person, agency or organization that was not under one's direct control and that one thoroughly and credibly assured that the food items under question were checked to the extent of being reasonable (Food and Safety Act, 1990). The accused is also required to establish beyond doubt that he was totally oblivious of the fact that the proposed omission committed by him would amount to an offense under the Food and Safety Act, at some time in the future (Food and Safety Act, 1990). The court of law accepts the defence of due diligence to be valid if the accused food operator, conclusively proves and satisfies the above mentioned requirements and corroborates authentically that the food items under scrutiny were never meant to be sold under one's brand name or mark (Food and Safety Act, 1990). In an ideal scenario, resorting to the defence of due diligence by a food operator necessitates an unwavering compliance with the spirit of this provision in the Food and Safety Act, 1990, which was introduced after a widespread public outcry following the instances of the sale of contaminated and substandard food items in the UK (Lyddon, 2005). Basically the defence of due diligence

Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay Example for Free

Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay Oil production in the Middle East has not only been a subject of geology or exploiting the lowest-cost field. Where exploration is performed and what fields are developed has been influenced as much by political as by economic factors. Until the late 1960s oil production and exports from the region significantly reflected the major western oil companies’ need to cope with the demands of the different governments in the Middle East, all of whom wanted to see more oil produced in their territories in order that they could get more revenue. The oil companies were as well concerned with the political stability of the regimes in the oil-exporting countries, the dependability of supply, the likelihood of the nationalisation of oil company facilities, demands over royalty levels and pressures to make use of and train local nationals. In view of the fact that then, what gets produced where and exported has depended on political and economic muscle within OPEC which efficiently determines country quotas. Iran was the first country in the Middle East in which oil was exploited with test production starting in 1903 and a key discovery in 1908. Under Reza Shah the country was politically stable, and the oil concession agreement which was signed with D’Arcy in 1901 on very positive terms was to run until 1994. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which afterwards turns into British Petroleum, was founded in 1909. Oil was not discovered in Iraq until 1927, however by that time Persian production was well established, plus a slow growth of demand, reflecting the fragile state of the international economy at the time, intended Iraqi oil exploitation was restricted in these early years. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992). Which oil fields were developed as well reflected rivalries in Middle Eastern interests between the major western powers. Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, had a virtual monopoly of exploration in Iran, consequently the United States had little choice however to look to Saudi Arabia on the other side of the Gulf, the one area that had not come under European imperial influences. In the 1930s the oil fields of the eastern province were opened up, plus the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was formed by a consortium of leading United States oil companies. It was ARAMCO that developed the Ghawar and Safaniya fields in the Dhahran area which were to prove to be the largest and most dynamic in the entire world. ARAMCO carries on to account for most Saudi Arabian oil production and exports, although it was nationalised in the 1970s and the role of the American associate companies is now restricted to specialist support and marketing. There was huge resistance to attempts to take over the oil concessions awarded to western multinational oil companies. Conflicts between the oil companies and host-country governments over revenues date back to the 1920s and 1930s when oil started to be exploited in noteworthy quantities, however it was the Iranian government which was the first to demand control of production. After Dr Musaddiq consolidated his power as prime minister in 1952 he set up the National Iran Oil Company, a state-owned entity, to take over Iran’s oil from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This aggravated a two-year boycott of purchases of Iranian oil by the major western oil companies. Purchases were merely started again when Musaddiq was overthrown and terms were agreed which were satisfactory from the viewpoint of the oil companies. (John Page, 1999). In the meantime the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company had changed its name to British Petroleum. It was to focus on developing the oil fields of the Emirates on the Arab side of the Gulf, where the rulers were much more co-operative. It was this new orientation and the co-operation with Shell, the Anglo-Dutch company, which were to consequence in the major developments in Kuwait, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, and ultimately Oman. The increasing importance of the Arab Emirates as oil suppliers was not so much a reflection of the quality of their oil or relative cost factors, to a certain extent what mattered was the political environment and the security of oil supplies. Iran, and subsequently Iraq, had their exploration and production curtailed on account of their political intransigence. The beneficiaries were the Arabian Peninsula states that had their oil fields developed and exploited to a greater extent than might otherwise have been the case on the basis of geological decisions alone. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003).

Five Perspective on Personality: Comparison and Analysis

Five Perspective on Personality: Comparison and Analysis Compare and Contrast the Five Perspective on Personality Indicating  the Strengths and Weakness of Each Approach Tiara A. We know what we are but not what we may be. Ophelia in Hamlet According to Guralnik (1987), personality is defined as the quality or fact of being a person or a particular person. Guralnik also defines personality as distinctive individual qualities of a person, considered collectively. Personality is an account that is hard to put one explanation. Individuals each have their own definition. Instead of agreeing on one specific definition, psychologist are involved in an ongoing and perhaps never ending discussion of how to depict human personality and what topics belong within this sub field of psychology (Mayer, 2005; McAdams Pals, 2006). Five separate theories emerge from the different perspectives of notable psychologist. Each approach seem to correctly determine and examine an important feature of human personality. Biological theorists believes that personality is genetic. Behaviorists go with the idea that personality is a straightforward result of the influence of the individual’s environment. Third, the psychodynamic theory jour neys into the unconscious mind and childhood to describe personality. Humanist use free will as their statement of personality. Finally, the trait theory proposes that the development of personality is derived from many different traits. Psychologists have projected various theories of personality to attempt explaining similarities and provide reasons for differences in personalities. The following approaches psychodynamic, biological, humanistic, behavioristic and trait theories of personality will be outlined in this essay, highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses for each theory. Sigmund Freud was the primary proponent of psychodynamic theory but neo-Freudians such as Jung, Adler, Erikson and Horney are also major contributors. Freud believed that every personality has an unconscious element and that childhood experiences, even if not consciously recollected, continue to influence peoples behaviors. The theory states that a personality has three parts – the id, the ego, and the superego which serve to regulate instinctual energies and forms our personalities. The dynamic unconscious is populated by anxiety-provoking drives ideas which have been exiled from conscious awareness by psychological defense mechanisms such as repression. Defense mechanisms are the domain of the Ego, the part of personality preoccupied with mediating between external reality and the internal reality. They function to prevent the experience of intense conscious anxiety caused by a conflict between base drives and the moral aspect of the psyche, the Superego. Freud suggested that personality is formed during the first six years of life known as the Psychosexual stages of Development. The maturing child supposedly experiences a number of discrete and biologically-motivated psychosexual phases, during which their essential sexual energies (the libido) become endowed in particular areas of the body. So, the Id controlled oral stage, where sensual pleasure is derived via the mouth, gives way to the anal stage and the birth of the Ego. This is followed by the phallic st age, during which the Oedipus complex (children aspire to be the partner of the opposite-sex parent) occurs. Resolution of this complex results in shaping of the superego. Unlike some other theories, the psychodynamic approach is a downright theory and can explain behaviour without difficulty. One strength of the psychodynamic approach is that they centered on the effects that childhood experiences have on the developing personality. This is a strength because Freud was the first psychologist to realize the importance of childhood. It also led to other psychologists including Piaget developing theories on childhood. An instance of this is the Little Hans case study. Hans had a fear of castration which led to him having a phobia of horses. One weakness of the psychodynamic approach is that it is unfalsifiable. This is a weakness because the suppositions can not be scientifically measured or proved wrong. An example of this is the idea of the mind being split into three parts. It is a lso deterministic because it suggests that behaviour is pre-determined and people do not have free will. An example of this is the psychosexual stages. Freud also placed an over-emphasis on sexual drive and provides us with an extremely pessimistic outlook on personality as it discounts the notion of free will. Hans Eysenck was an early proponent of the biological approach to personality. He reasoned that personality can be divided along three primary dimensions. He called these extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck debated that differences in personality are largely based in inherited biological differences. One strength of the biological conceptualization is that it is very scientific. This is a strength because the experiments used are measurable, objective and can be repeated to test for reliability. Also, the researcher has more control over the variables which is apparent in Selyes study of rats which led to him developing the theory of General Adaptation Syndrome. It is also deterministic. This is a strength because it increases the likelihood of being able to treat people with abnormal behaviour and provides statements about the causes of behaviour. This apprehension can then be used to improve peoples lives. One weakness of the biological approach is tha t it focuses too much on the nature side of the nature/nurture argument. They debates that behaviour is caused by hormones, neurotransmitters and genetics. One theory is that schizophrenia is genetic, however, twin studies show that it is not entirely genetic and the environment has a component to play. It is also nomothetic. This is a weakness because it creates theories about disorders and generalizes them to utilize to everyone. It does not take into account the view that humans are unique. An example of this is that General Adaptation Syndrome presumes that everyone responds in the same way to stress but does not take into account that some people have more support than others. The humanistic movement was led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers and concentrates primarily on an individual’s potential in terms of development and satisfaction. Humanists have an optimistic view on human nature. They focus on the ability of human beings to think consciously and rationally and to attain their full potential. In the humanistic view, people are accountable for their own lives and actions, they also have the freedom and will to change their attitudes and behaviour. Maslow believed a human has a hierarchy of needs to fulfill before becoming a self-actualized individual. After the basic needs such as food and shelter are met, humans seek safety and security and then seek love and acceptance. Only after all these things are through with can a person fulfill their potential or achieve â€Å"self-actualisation†. Rogers agreed with most of what Maslow believed in terms of striving towards self-actualisation but through the self-concept or one’s opinion of oneself. Roger’s approach is called person-centered. He believed that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), unconditional positive regard (acceptance, respect, love), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Wit hout these, relationships and healthy personalities will not evolve as they should. Another basic premise to Roger’s theory is the self or self concept, i.e. what one thinks of oneself is the self-concept and how others see one is the actual self. The humanistic approach is enormously popular from a phenomenological view point: it is about a person living their life with meaning and authenticity. It also has the potential to enrich people’s lives by understanding and appreciating their own self. Like every theory, some people find the humanistic approach to be valid while others see it for the numerous inherent flaws. The humanistic perspective does recognize human experience, but largely at the expense of being non-scientific in its methods and ability to provide evidence. Some of the strengths of this theory include the focus on both the positive nature of humankind and the free will associated with change. Unlike Freuds theory and the biological approach, which focus on determinism or our lack of power over ourselves, Maslow and others see the individual as very powerful. With the good, always comes the bad, and this theory is no different. The biggest criticism of humanistic thought appears to center around its lack of concrete treatment approaches aimed at specific issues. With the basic concept behind the theory being free will, it is difficult to both develop a treatment technique and study the effectiveness of this technique. Critics also contend that the humanistic approach’s emphasis on self-fulfillment may lead some people to become self-indulgent and so absorbed with themselves that they develop a lack of concern for others. Even the concept of self-actualization poses challenges. Behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson in the 1920s. It limits psychology to the study of observable behaviors. To explain the development and maintenance of behaviors, behaviorist used classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Personality is described as the end result of ones history of conditioning. One strength of the behaviourist approach is that it has successfully applied classical and operant conditioning to its theories. Systematic desensitization is based on classical conditioning and is useful for treating phobias. Another strength is that it uses scientific methods of research. This is a strength because the experiments are objective, measurable and observable. An example of this is Banduras bobo doll study of aggression. One weakness of the behaviourist approach is that it focuses too much on the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate. It suggests that all behaviour is learned but cognitive and biological elements have been proved to affect behaviour. An example of this is the assumption that people learn behaviour by observing others getting rewarded for certain actions. Another weakness is the ethical issues raised by using animals in experiments. This is because animals can not consent to take part and are unable to withdraw. An example of a behaviourist animal study is Pavlovs dogs which led to classical conditioning principles being developed. The trait theory approach is one of the largest areas within personality psychology. According to this theory, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is basically a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways. Some of the best known trait theories include Eysencks three-dimension theory and the five factor theory of personality. The trait perspective or 5 Factor theory of personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that can be assessed. With respect to trait assessment, it is possible that people can fake desirable responses on self-report measures of personality. Research does show however that averaging behavior across several situations seems to indicate that people do have distinct personality traits. Genetic studies have supported the claim that genetic predispositions influence most personality types and that many traits are biologically rooted. The empirical nature of the work by Allport, Murray and other early trait psychologists sets them apart from the founders of most personality theories. Rather than relying on intuition and subjective judgment as did Freud and many of the neo-Freudians, these trait theorists used objective measures to examine their constructs. Cattell specifically allowed the data to determine the theory which was then subject to further empirical validation. This approach reduces some of the biases and subjectivity that plague other approaches. Like any other important theoretical perspective, the trait approach has generated a large amount of research. Weakness of this approach concerns the lack of an agreed-upon framework. Although all trait theorists use empirical methods and are concerned with the identification of traits, no single theory or underly ing structure ties all of the theories together. We can see the confusion this created by asking how many basic traits there are. Murray reduced personality to 27 psychogenic needs. Cattell found 16 basic elements of personality. Without an agreed-upon framework, it is difficult to gain a cohesive overview of the approach or to see how research on one aspect of personality traits fits with research in other areas. REFERENCE McLeod, S. A. (2007). Psychology Perspectives Burger, J.M. (2011) Introduction to Personality Ryckman, R.M. (2000). Theories of personality. Wadsworth: Belmont, CA. Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F. (2000). Perspectives on personality (4th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Incredible Wife of Baths Tale :: Wife of Bath Essays

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales - The Incredible Wife of Bath's Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   In reading Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," I found that of the Wife of Bath, including her prologue, to be the most thought-provoking. The pilgrim who narrates this tale, Alison, is a gap-toothed, partially deaf seamstress and widow who has been married five times.   She claims to have great experience in the ways of the heart, having a remedy for whatever might ail it. Throughout her story, I was shocked, yet pleased to encounter details which were rather uncharacteristic of the women of Chaucer's time.   It is these peculiarities of Alison's tale which I will examine, looking not only at the chivalric and religious influences of this medieval period, but also at how she would have been viewed in the context of this society and by Chaucer himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the period in which Chaucer wrote, there was a dual concept of chivalry, one facet being based in reality and the other existing mainly in the imagination only.   On the one hand, there was the medieval notion we are most familiar with today in which the knight was the consummate righteous man, willing to sacrifice self for the worthy cause of the afflicted and weak; on the other, we have the sad truth that the human knight rarely lived up to this ideal(Patterson 170).   In a work by Muriel Bowden, Associate Professor of English at Hunter College, she explains that the knights of the Middle Ages were "merely mounted soldiers, . . . notorious" for their utter cruelty(18).   The tale Bath's Wife weaves exposes that Chaucer was aware of both forms of the medieval soldier. Where as his knowledge that knights were often far from perfect is evidenced in the beginning of Alison's tale where the "lusty" soldier rapes a young maiden; King Arthur, whom the ladies of the country beseech to spare the life of the guilty horse soldier, offers us the typical conception of knighthood.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to acknowledging this dichotomy of ideas about chivalry, Chaucer also brings into question the religious views of his time through this tale.   The loquacious Alison spends a good deal of the prologue espousing her views regarding marriage and virginity, using her knowledge of the scriptures to add strength to her arguments.   For instance, she

Voices :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Voices What is your worst nightmare? What if the entire human population thought of you as defective and criticized you harshly? How about having several voices screaming at you for any little thing that you did wrong? What would life be like if you couldn't decipher reality from imagination? These are common scenarios that schizophrenics deal with every hour of the day -- they can't wake up from their nightmare. A living hell. A torture chamber devoid of walls. Like a schizophrenic poet wrote, "I live in a closet. Unlike most closets, mine is invisible. No one else can see it or touch it or even come inside to keep me company. Nevertheless, its imprisoning walls and terrifying darkness are very real," (3). The loneliness that this poet, Pamela Wagner, feels is excruciating, yet what is it about schizophrenia that makes the victim so alone? What makes the disease so isolating and detrimental to one's existence? These questions are answered here by the voices of those who have first-hand exp erience as paranoid schizophrenics. Not only are some symptoms of schizophrenia discussed, but also the turmoil one goes through with medication as well. Albeit that their have been many case studies performed by psychologists, the words of a schizophrenic give new meaning to the disease. For paranoid schizophrenia, an increase in recent literature reveals the point of view of the ill person. No two cases are exactly the same, so what follows is a conglomeration of experiences of paranoid schizophrenia survivors. As one schizophrenic has stated: "The schizophrenic experience can be a terrifying journey through a world of madness no one can understand, particularly the person traveling through it. It is a journey through a world that is deranged, empty and devoid of anchors to reality. You feel very much alone. You find it easier to withdraw than cope with a reality that is incongruent with your fantasy world. You feel tormented by distorted perceptions. You cannot distinguish what is real from what is unreal. Schizophrenia affects all aspects of your life. Your thoughts race and you feel fragmented and so very alone with your 'crazine ss,'" (6). Paranoid schizophrenia is a very debilitating disease -- it takes over one's life and creates a downward spiral into one's own surreal world. No longer can one communicate or relate to other people. Reality is distorted to fit the pattern of paranoia inside one's mind.

othello Essay example -- essays research papers

jealousy In the play Othello, jealousy is shown to be very evident through the actions of the characters. Jealousy is an emotion that everyone shares, and it is ultimately responsible for the tragic ending of the play. Everyone feels jealous at certain times of their lives, and this feeling can cause people to do irrational things. This human emotion also shows people to be weak in the sense that they are never happy with what they have. Shakespeare shows through Othello, Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio that jealousy is the most corrupt and destructive emotion. Othello is horribly jealous of what he thinks is going on between his wife and Cassio. This poisonous feeling turns Othello into a mad man and he strikes his wife. Jealousy causes people to act incredibly different. People that are almost always reserved and sincere can become crazy because of jealousy. Othello kills his wife because he feels that if he can’t have her, nobody can. This is a very selfish action that Othello takes. He determines his wife’s fatal fate just because he is jealous. People often think only for themselves when they are jealous. This shows humans to be selfish when their emotions are intense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is almost no worse feeling that being very jealous of someone or something. People will risk almost anything to get rid of this disastrous feeling. Jealously causes people to act irrationally and irresponsibly. This is a feeling that always comes up throughout everybody...

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? Why? The two major causes of seat defects originate with KFS, relating to material flaws and missing parts. The seat bolster issue is a distant third. As KFS is the responsible party the situation needs to be addressed at their site. Using the traditional TMC first principle of ‘let’s go see it’ and then converge on the Five Why’s, Doug should visit KFS and inspect the manufacturing and QC process. By focusing on uncovering issues at the source of the seats, it is likely there will be fewer problems at the TMM plant. The focus on QC at KFS could potentially eliminate 113 of the 138 problems reported between 14-30 April, 1992. In the short term, address the immediate issue of the backlog by reconciling orders with KFS to ensure the backlog is cleared. This would require little resource and be a quick win. 2. What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? Simplifying the seats could reduce the problem since product proliferation appears to added complexity to KFS manufacturing process, though it’s unlikely that the designers will take this feedback as welcome given similar issues are not faced at the Japanese plant. Redesigning the seat or replacing easily broken parts could reduce breakage and installation issues, while training the staff to be more careful with installation, or the KFS staff with assembly, may also be an option. Replacing the supplier would be a high-risk option that would only be explored if the issues at KFS were so irreversible that TMM had no other choice. While all of these options may potentially address part of the issue, improving the QC process and then working backwards from there into the assembly and manufacture at KFS will ultimately have the greatest single impact on production efficiency. 3. Where, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System? One of the major underlying principles of TPS was building in quality on the line. The reporting of defects at the seat assembly point did not appear to be consistent and was only uncovered by interviewing team leaders on the factory floor. In addition, cars were reported as defective yet continued down the assembly line until completion, where they were taken off-line to wait for a replacement seat. Nowhere else on the line were cars removed due to defect: team leaders or production managers were responsible for resolving issues while still in the assembly line. The reasons for doing so appeared rational, since the car could be finished with a defective seat, seats needed to be ordered from KFS and stopping the line for such a lengthy period would have decreased productivity. One flaw in the process was that there were flaws that could be rectified in the Code 1 clinic. These flaws could have been dealt with while on the assembly line and thus reduced the burden in the clinic, while raising awareness of common defects and their source earlier in the process. The clinic did not appear to have the same reporting responsibilities as the assembly line since management were not aware of the main causes of the defects. 4. What is the real problem facing Doug Friesen? Process and feedback management problems at TMM and quality control management issues at KFS were the underlying reasons for the seat problems. Moreover, the ‘jidoka’ process had been bypassed in the seat installation process, exposing a potential weakness in the production line. Doug should implement an in-line attempt at fixing seat problems prior to the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Regular feedback from the clinic as well as the assembly line would improve information transparency and identify the source of defects for management at the earliest point in the process. Finally, the same processes should be adopted at KFS and QC strengthened considerably to avoid the delivery of defective seats as much as possible. Since this is a critical path to seat delivery, no seats should pass to TMM without a thorough QC test at KFS.

Yom Kippur Arab Israeli Essay

This attack not only compromised Israeli security, however the Intangible onscreen was Israel's acknowledgement of their own hubris that formed after the success of the 1 967 Six Day War. As such, this prompted the shift in government, which ushered in a new, more hard-lined political party who promised settlement of the occupied territories and most significantly, maintained hostility and negated peace with the Arabs.Moreover, the Yon Kipper wars contribution Instigated the beginning of a new mindset for both the Arabs and Israelis; the conflict thus become one of strategy and leverage with the West in the attempt of maintaining supremacy. Such leverage saw the Arab world recognize the power they had over the West, most significantly the United States as they were the world's supplier of oil. This as a result fragmented the irresolute alliance the United States upheld with Israel and achieved in the sense where it made the world question the problems running rampant in the Middle Ea st.It was also because of the Yon Kipper War whereby the once disenfranchised PLOP gained International recognition and most significantly, the recognition for the need for peace and negotiations was widespread in order to resolve the evolving Arab-Israeli conflict. The Yon Kipper war can be seen as a trigger that initiated a new, revised attitude in the state of Israel. Upon the conclusion of the 1967 Six Day War, Israel emerged as the victorious underdog who quashed Its Arab foes despite unrealistic, almost impossible odds.It was because of this mindset, this â€Å"adolescent† stage In Israel's development whereby the nation's vulnerability was exposed as they were essentially caught off guard. Nevertheless, despite early setbacks, Israel was victorious in the Yon Kipper War however, Israel now recognized their defensible borders which revered as buffer zones had not been as defensible as they were thought to be thus resulting In the breach by the Egyptian and Syrian forces .In the process of Israel's retaliatory attack, they gained more territory from both Syria and Egypt and In the process of this, 12 000 Arabs and 2000 Israelis were killed. The Yon Kipper can be seen as being an important instrument of contribution to the conflict because it instigated the removal of the moderate Israeli Prime Minister Gold Meir who was discredited along with Mosher Dana the deference minister for their incompetence in retention the state against attack. Pong the removal of Meir and her labor government, the right-wing conservative opposition party the Liked was elected In promised consolidation and settlement of the occupied territories which only further added to the existing hostility amongst the Arabs. Thus, it was through the 1973 Yon Kipper war whereby Israel once against emerged victorious, however now had a firm grasp on the futility of war and their precarious position within it. Ties with the United States strengthened even further as a result of this, and was welcomed by theUS as the nation was now seen as a strategic ally that was capable of defending themselves instead of being a liability as was thought before. It was through US assistance whereby Israel gained arms and doubled its military size over the next three years that resulted in the deterioration of Arab/American relations and most importantly, the growing hostility and antagonism that was being provoked in the Middle East. Seen as the mechanism that changed the course of the war, and the world's involvement within it, Yon Kipper can be seen as the main proponent that ransomed the Arab-Israeli conflict into a war of strategy and leverage.In realizing the dependency the West had in the Middle-East for oil, the Arabs recognized that in order to progress within the war, a new strategy had to be employed; one of â€Å"quid pro quid'. On 17 October 1973, the Organization of Arab Oil Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC adopted a Saudi-led mania Plan† whereby oil producer s would not sell oil to pro-allies countries, but would continue to sell to â€Å"friends and maybe â€Å"neutrals†. Due to this, the world was plunged into turmoil as global prices increased by 400% from SIS$3. O to SIS$12. 0 per barrel, as well as costing the US 500 000 Jobs and between SIS$10-US$20 billion. Such was the time where the world had such a strong dependency on oil, that it could simply not function without thus prompting the international community- especially the US, USSR and Europe to address the issue of the Oil Embargo. Almost immediately the SEC (European Economic Community) urged Israel to end its occupation of the occupied territory seized in 1967 and stated that the ‘legitimate rights' of Palestinians should be taken into account in any settlement in order to appease the Arabs.Henry Kissing – US Secretary of State also arranged a cease-fire between Egypt and Israel and placed a UN force between them causing Israel to cede western-Sinai in 1975. This was a great victory for the Arabs as they had made more progression through the oil embargo than through their countless attempts of gaining back territory through terrorism and violent attacks. The overwhelming significance of the oil embargo can be accredited with tempering the previously unqualified support for Israel by both the US and Europe.Essentially, without the Yon Kipper war, the Arabs would not have ad that final blow of realization that in order to â€Å"win back† the land which they claim is rightfully theirs, diplomatic measures had to be employed. In crippling the world of oil, the Arabs were able to gain international recognition for their cause and lead the world to question the situation of the Middle East and Israel's involvement within it.This change in psychology ultimately instigated the continual game of leverage between the Arabs and the West and saw the rise of the effectiveness of diplomacy causing more damage than ironically, violence it self. The conflict as such, matured uniqueness of the conflict now involved the world. The oil embargo can be seen as an example that initiated the concept of â€Å"maturing beyond fighting† which as a result, saw the employment of diplomatic warfare which auspiciously entangled prominently the US and Europe in direct economic and diplomatic relations and consequences- often detrimental.While Israel could claim to be the military victor, Egypt, Syria and the Arab cause in general were clearly the political victors. Ultimately the Arab states emerged as an economic and political power thus reinforcing the nutrition of Yon Kipper into shaping the Arab-Israeli Conflict. The 1973 conflict provided the initiative and realization of the need for a peaceful resolution. By contrast, success in the Yon Kipper war was seen as restoring Arab honor, resulting in far more public support for peace.Subsequent peace negotiations foresaw the Arab nations- even the more â€Å"extremist† and Israel to the negotiating table for the first time. Never before had negotiation between the opposing forces been achieved, however, despite the call for unity in resolving the moon problem, the act of negotiating drew a schism amongst the Arabs- especially Egypt and Syria as Syria was not interested in anything but the annihilation of Israel and as such, maintaining the conflict.One of the most prominent peace negotiations was the 1978 Camp David Accords, whereby Egyptian president Sad surprised the world by speaking at the Israeli Knees about his desire for permanent peace and so, he demanded the withdrawal of Israel from all occupied territories and in the process, recognize Palestinians right to self-determination. Sad himself realized hat in order for Egypt to regain the Sinai, diplomatic relations with the US had to improve to a great degree in order to for Israel to be persuaded to compromise.Such was the legacy of Yon Kipper whereby the realization of the necessity for political settlements was the key in preventing future war. The First Accord signed at Camp David was the â€Å"Framework for peace in the Middle East† and as such called for negotiations among Egypt, Jordan and Israel and representatives of the Palestinians people to settle in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Accords â€Å"A Framework for the inclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel† however was the draft proposal peace agreement that stated the withdrawal of Israel from the Sinai over three years and the full restoration of area to Egypt.Yet again was leverage used in this case as in return for this, Egypt would allow Israeli ships free passage through the Suez Canal which was again in use after significant US funding. This form of negotiation between Egypt and Israel signaled the departure from the Egyptian mantra of â€Å"no peace, no recognition, no negotiations† to the full recognition of Israeli tattooed and with that, Israel's right to a pe aceful existence.This act of recognition was inherent as it further alienated Syria from Egypt as both accords while superficially promoting peace and gaining back territory, the future of Jerusalem and the Goals Heights were not discussed despite Egypt previous assertions to Syria who grew increasingly violent and hostile. As a result of the Camp David Accords which were a product of the Yon Kipper War, Sad was labeled a traitor in the Arab world and the accords in general were rejected.Pan-Arab nationalism was destroyed s there was a deep divide between the hard-lined and more moderate Arab nations, Jordan and Saudi Arabia still rejected peace with Israel as they had still not conceded rightfully owned Arab land. Due to the events sparked by the 1973 war, a deep schism was felt in the Arab world as Sad, the champion of the Arabs was deemed a traitor as he reached a superficial resolution with Israel in the pursuit of fiscal rewards and economic gain through the US- the main ally o f Israel.This divide within the Arab world ultimately prolonged the complexity of the conflict and subsequently rated a conflict within a conflict, that being Arab nations growing increasingly violent and hostile towards one another; thus contributing greatly to the total Arab- Israeli Conflict. In some ways the â€Å"winners† of the war the PLOP achieved in becoming the sole, recognized representatives of the Palestinian people and as such were successful in gaining recognition from the international community.This form of recognition, resulted in a shift in thinking away from ‘armed struggle' toward a view that diplomacy was the path to Palestinian statehood. Through the emergence of the PLOP ND their legitimacy, the balance of power shifted as Palestine was becoming its own independent fighting entity, thus damaging the image of King Hussein who regarded himself as the spokesperson of the Palestinians. This then forced Israel to come face to face with the PLOP and no t Hussein whom they preferred for negotiation.It was thought that as long as Hussein was the spokesperson for the Palestinians, Israel could claim that â€Å"Jordan IS Palestine† thus denouncing the Palestinian claim to the occupied territories and as such vetoing their claim to a statehood within Palestine. Under the leadership of Arafat, the PLOP engaged in various acts of terrorism throughout 1973 conducting numerous assassinations, hijackings and kidnappings shepherded by fanatics imitating Black September.This form of opposition to Israel was very unsuccessful as it outraged the world and as such alienated the West from sympathizing with the Palestinians. It was through this that the PLOP had to adopt more moderate practices and adopt the acceptance of a â€Å"Two-State Solution†. On 13 Novo 1974, Arafat spoke before the General Assembly of UN speaking on behalf of the PLOP and calling for a democratic, secular state in Palestine which did not include recognition and acceptance of Israel.Arafat famously concluded by saying â€Å"l have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand† thus foreshadowing the precarious future due to the instability of power and reason. It was through the catalytic realization of Yon Kipper, whereby Arafat did indeed note that in order to gain international sympathy and convince the rest of the world in aiding the Palestinian cause, peace through the form of policy had to be achieved, instead of the continual violent acts of war and terrorism.It was through the 1973 Holy War, whereby the balance of power began to shift as well as the psychology of the conflict which as a result ironically added further complexity as protest in the form of diplomacy embroiled the rest of the world thus continuing the conflict and its resolution to 1996. In conclusion, the Yon Kipper War is of great contribution to the Arab-Israeli conflict as it caused the paradigm s hift in the psychology and methods of warfare. This was hope of achieving peace that would satiate all belligerents.

Gender Communication Differences in Traditional Marriage

A gender image of one’s self is first presented to a child by his/her parents. It is through the behaviors learned, the characteristics that are reinforced and the inappropriate gender traits that are punished that we, as humans, are able to grasp our larger role in society. These early concepts of gender identity, behavior and roles also influence how we communicate interpersonally. Two people of opposite gender joined in marriage have two very different styles of communication to the extent that this problem is sometimes insurmountable. Lack of clear communication between partners in a traditional marriage is often cited as the cause for divorce. Not so long ago, traditional gender roles, combined with an aversion for the stigma of divorce, were a huge factor in the length of a couple’s relationship. Men and women stuck it out for the long run, even when experiencing problems, and a breakdown in communication. Long before technology took over society and created more avenues for communicating with each, men were used to showing support by â€Å"doing things† for the family and women showed their affection through talking (Torrpa, 2002). Women expect their marital relationship to be based on mutual dependence and cooperation while men expect it to be based on independence and competition (Torppa, 2002). Clearly, these two different sets of expectations will have an effect on how the two partners communicate and ultimately, on the strength of the union. The current generation of young adults is waiting longer their parents to make an acceptable marriage match as opposed to the trend of earlier years when marriage the year after high school was expected. The tradition of marriage is still intact, but the demographics are changing. The fact that couples are waiting to tie the knot should also affect their ability to communicate with each other about important issues due to older partners presumably having a better idea of what they want in life and a better grasp on how to communicate it. According to Ohashi (1993) marriage is a system established on the assumption of a division of labor based on gender-role stereotypes (from Katsurada, Sugihara, 2002). Women traditionally tend to want to â€Å"make everyone happy† while men make decisions based largely on their own personal needs (Torrpa, 2002) – one aspect of marriage that is unchanged for the most part yet responsible for many breaks in communication between the partners. Differences in typical gender roles also affect communication between husband and wife. Typically, women are characterized as being the more talkative of the sexes as well as being comfort providers and more secure in showing their emotions. Women are also better at â€Å"reading between the lines† regarding interpersonal issues (Torrpa, 2002). Men, on the other hand, are known for their distinct lack of communication and inability to provide emotional support. Their ability to â€Å"read between the lines† regarding status is more pronounced than in women. With traditional roles in marriage declining and technology taking over, communication is at once both more effective and less available (Morris, 2001) – we have more ways of communicating (e.g. text messaging, Email, etc.) but we have less time to do so with multiple careers. Both male and female partners tend to see the other as being more controlling of the relationship (Torppa, 2002) and without the ability to communicate effectively, this assumption can be quite damaging to the marriage. This paper will explore the varying roles of a man and woman in a traditional marriage relationship, how these roles influence their ability to effectively communicate, and the level of satisfaction each partner feels based on their idea of whether or not they are communicating effectively with each other regarding large issues. According to Torrpa (2002): â€Å"understanding differences is the key to working them out†. References Katsurada, Emiko & Sugihara, Yoko (September, 2002). Gender-role identity, attitudes toward marriage and gender-segregated school backgrounds. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. Retrieved September 5, 2007, from the Find Articles Web site: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_2002_Sept/ai_96736800/pg_2. Martinez, J.M., Chandra, A., Abma, J.C., Jones, J. & Mosher, W.D. (2006). Fertility, conception and fatherhood: Data on men and women from Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved September 5, 2007 from the CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_026.pdf Morris, Grantley (2001). Improving Communication in Marriage. Retrieved September 5, 2007 from the Web site: http://net-burst.net/love/talk.htm. Torppa, C. B. (2002). Gender Issues: Communication Differences in Interpersonal Relationships. The Ohio State University Extension Program. Retrieved online September 5, 2007 from the OSU Web site: h ttp://ohioline.osu.edu/flm02/FS04.html. Van den Troost, Ann (August, 2005). Marriage in Motion. Sociology Today, Volume 10. Leuven University Press.

Federalism Paper Review

Wanna, J 2007, ‘Improving Federalism: Drivers for Change, Repair Options and Reform Scenarios’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 275 – 279. | Purpose The author aims to present an overview of the proceedings from a roundtable discussion on federalism. The paper aims to inform readers of the views of participants by reporting on discussion points on the subject of improving federalism, through consideration of issues and challenges and options for reform. The author contrasts the different federalism characteristics discussed. Confused and competitive interactions occur between federal, state and local government with attendant impacts on service delivery. In particular much of the dysfunction in the current system stems from uncertainty around roles and an argumentative approach to dividing resources and defining responsibility. Federalism was in long term decline and a product of changing market forces from national and international pressure and global communication reducing regional identify. Overlapping policy interaction and involvement of the tiers of government was presented as an impediment to effective delineation of roles. Federalism provided greater accountability through increased scrutiny by multiple government and review of achievements particularly in contentious areas. Participants agreed federalism would be improved by gradual change. The author discussed the idea change should focus on advancing the current situation rather than whole-scale reform through a new paradigm of strategic pragmatism. The group considered that fiscal issues drive a shift to centralism. Improving federalism requires better relations, through increased clarity of roles and responsibilities and levels of trust, possibly formalised through agreements and structural rationalisation. Evidence The paper presents findings as observations from discussions initially. The author introduces uncited references and discusses external and personal views. The discussion of participants views are not quantified specifically and references are made to ‘most’, ‘many thought’, ‘those who believed’. The origin of sources is unclear. For example ‘some commentators’ is unclear as to whether these were participants or external views. Summarised statements appeared to be discussions of the participants merged with personal opinion. | Page 275, 276 and 277. Page 276Pages 275 – 277Page 276Page 278| Observations The author initially expresses an observational account of the proceedings of the meeting in a neutral manner. This approach gradually transitions into an academic piece that draws on the author’s extensive understanding of the field and his personal views together with unreferenced discussion of academic positions. The paper is confusing at times and apparently aims to presents the outcomes and discussion points of a meeting initially but soon changes to uncited external examples, statements and personal opinion. Whilst the author references the panel’s deliberations and discussions, these are unquantified references to participant’s opinions and refer simply to ‘many’ or ‘most participants’. The author seems to have a bias toward a principled view of federalism with support for a fusion of pragmatic and principled approaches. The paper appears contradictory in parts. For example, an observation was made that there was a widely held view that roles and responsibilities needed to be specified. It was later stated that the ‘jury was still out’ on whether this was a worthwhile goal, which appeared to be a personal view rather than reporting on discussions. In concluding the author draws on a range of options for specific reform that were not introduced earlier in the paper.

Analytical frameworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical frameworks - Essay Example The Porter’s theory is known as the ‘Porter’s Five Forces Method’. According to Boone (2012), porter’s theory states that a business should consider five aspects to maintain a competitive edge on a given industry. The five forces include: threat of substitute products; threat of new entrants; bargaining power of consumers; threat of established rivalries; and, bargaining power of suppliers. Porter provides that an industry which is characterized by low-entry and high-exit barriers is likely to suffer from decreasing profits in the long-run. In this regards, a firm that is intending to maintain high profits in the long run should choose that industry that is associated with high-entry and low-exit barriers. In relation to substitute products, Nour (2013) provides that availability of similar products enhance the chances of a buyer switching to other goods and services. Porter emphasize that attention should be paid to quality and price as far as an industry that is characterized by substitute products is concerned. An industry that has a few firms relative to the number of suppliers is likely to experience a low price of raw materials and other inputs. The ratio of buyers to firms in an industry affects the profitability of a given industry. Loyalty and other practices are employed to reduce the influence of consumers’ bargaining power (Alter, 2000). In regards to established firms rivalry, a firm should consider innovation and other effective business strategies to maintain a competitive edge relative other firms. In order to test the Porter’s five forces model, a case study of a bakery firm known as Hrstic, trading in Croatia, would be analyzed. An analysis was performed to find out the future of small bakery businesses operating in Croatia. This is due to the fact that there are 374 small sized firms in relation to 8 medium and 2 large bakery companies. In addition, it is reportedly that approximately 2,500 bakery firms

An outline for my methodology chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An outline for my methodology chapter - Essay Example It is a naturalistic approach that seeks to study and develop intervention impacts in both learning and teaching, and unfolds in four phases: informed exploration, enactment, local context evaluation, and design principle development. In addition, it will offer this research study a potential for better comprehension, improved learning and practice, and generation of theory by using multiple methods, as well as ongoing assessments of change impact (Reeves, 2005). Design based research as used in this research study is important because it provides a methodology for design and assessment of ESL innovations, in this case the use of Adobe Connect. It is also iterative and systematic, which is in line with the emerging comprehension of how ESL students learn. In addition, it is based on educational situations in real life, which makes it relevant for design and teaching practitioners, such as in this study (Celce-Murcia, 2011). Finally, design-based research will also encourage the researcher to work collaboratively in the creation and assessment of what impact the solutions to the learning issues have on the students. Design-based research will act as an analytical technique set that balances interpretivist and positivist paradigms while also attempting to bridge practice and theory in ESL. Design-based research, as a combination of theory-driven learning environment design and empirical educational research, will be important in understanding the manner in which educational interventions practically work (Norwich & Ylonen, 2013). Design-based research seeks to uncover underlying relationships between practices, designed artifact, and educational theory. In aiming to explain the connections between practice, tools, and theory in ESL, design-based research has dual objectives intending to respond to the needs of the learning environment and striving to increase the researcher’s comprehension of teaching (Ellis, 2013). In

Demography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demography - Essay Example I am going to compare average SAT scores, parent’s education, and family income level across different races in California. Also, in this paper I am going to compare the proportion of each race in California, UC Berkeley, and CSU East Bay. The reason why I included CSU East Bay is that I want to compare UC Berkeley with other public schools that have different qualifications in admitting students. My hypothesis is that UC Berkeley is not following the proportion of each race in California since it is a very competitive school with higher tuition fees compared to CSU East Bay. In this paper, I limited the types of race into five categories: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Others. I did this because they are the majority in California so that I can have consistency when gathering data. I began my research by comparing the proportion of each race in California, UC Berkeley and CSU East Bay. In figure 1, I made a clustered histogram that represents the percentage of each race. Here, I gathered the data from US National Census Bureau, UC Berkeley’s official website, and CSU East Bay’s official website.According to the data, White, Black, and Others are well represented in UC Berkeley as their proportions are not significantly different compares to their proportions in California. What captures an attention from this data is that Asians are the majority group in UC Berkeley with up to 43% from the total students compared to California population where it only takes up to 13%. Also, another highlight from this histogram is that Hispanic is unde r represented in UC Berkeley. California has 37.2% of Hispanic and UC Berkeley has only 13% of them. Different things appeared when we compared the race proportion in CSU East Bay. The proportions of White, Asian, Hispanic, and Others are almost equal which is around 20% while Black has lower proportion but not slightly different with its proportion in California

The self-esteem movement has caused young people to overvalue their Essay

The self-esteem movement has caused young people to overvalue their actual skills and has set many of them up for disappointmen - Essay Example 1). In considering this argument, it is important to note that studies have revealed that only about 12% of fourth graders are reading at grade level; and telling young learners that they are beautiful and gifted has not necessarily translated to higher test scores or better spelling skills (Colvin, p. 1). For which reason, various scholars have emphasized that the self-esteem movement has not achieved ideal goals for the students and for the educational system in general. It has instead gone too far in crediting children and other young people with skills which would not get them through the harsh realities of life. The self-esteem movement has also created an illusion for many young learners. It has overblown their self-concept and has seemingly given them more than a healthy dose of self-esteem. In other words, the movement has given them a bloated self-concept which seems to skate closely towards egotism and self-centeredness. This may be apparent in the case of bullies who have been â€Å"discovered to highly rate themselves in their academic performance and interpersonal relationships, and typically hold unrealistically positive self-esteem† (Tseng, p. 24). College professors also note that while citing spelling and grammatical errors, their students often claim that it is just the professor’s opinion. And these professors emphasize that wrong grammar and wrong spelling is not merely an opinion – it is just really bad writing (Jayson). Moreover, in assessing the different interests and values of teenagers and young learners, a survey was able to establish that when teenagers were asked about their biggest issues to date, one of their main issues is on "whether or not to have sex" and another concern is on their "popularity" (Psychauthors, p. 4). They expressed little concern for other issues like global warming, war, or politics. As compared to their parents' generations, these teens appear to display more self-confidence and self-est eem; but these qualities have not translated to happier and healthier teens. In fact, depression among teens seems to register at higher rates now than in the 1960s or 1970s; and not to mention, the number of teens suffering from eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, have risen to alarming rates over the years (Psychauthors, p. 4). These numbers hardly express major gains in instilling improved self-concepts for young people; and if their academic gains were to be assessed, these show hardly any improvement at all. The self-esteem movement was conceptualized in order to give young learners the psychological tools to ward off bullies and other people who may underestimate their capabilities. These goals are to be admired; however, the overall impact that the movement has had on young people cannot be considered as major gains which can be used in the outside world. In the classroom, the movement emphasized that even if children made multiple grammatical and spelling mistakes in the ir schoolwork, these should be overlooked because it might damage their self-esteem (Jayson). However, as many of these young learners enter college where the merit system is based on strict and realistic standards, they often break at the slightest

Embodiment and experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Embodiment and experience - Essay Example This creates a system through which people can communicate and share huge volumes of personalised information without having to resort through several challenges and difficulties. From a Communications perspective, social media has various facades and connotations within which it can be deduced and evaluated. This include amongst other things, a view that it is a major communication tool, system and outlet that allows people to interact and also share huge volumes of information with few restrictions and limitations. This paper examines the embodiment of the social media from a communications perspective. To this end, the paper will explore the fundamental research question: â€Å"To what extent can social media be critiqued and understood through viral logic and what practical applications can be made of it†. The paper will thus evaluate various theories and concepts from books, journals and other secondary sources in order to provide critical answers to this fundamental research question. The concept of embodiment has to do with the presentation and identification of a given concept. Embodiment refers to giving a form to different parts and different components in order to give it a collective and holistic view and ideology. A body is a cognitive presentation of duality into a single entity (Blackman, 2008). In the modern concept, there is a tendency to identify and give a view of a given idea or conception to the mind and body (Blackman, 2008). In other words, there is the need to give a conceptual view to something that does not exist in the physical form and also give a name to something physical that has different components. Thus, philosophies seek to bring things that exist in thought into a full existence (Blackman, 2008). Therefore, the idea of a body is more of getting and putting together a view on something that exists and it involves the hard, and soft aspects of a given idea or

Sweetener Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sweetener - Assignment Example In China people derived it from a grassy plant called â€Å"Saccharum†, in Hindustan Peninsula (India) from palm juice, in Canada from maple, in Poland from birch juice. The sugar that we know today came from India. It is believed that Indians some 3000 years ago invented sugar from cane. The Indians collected juice of cane, boiled it until the formation of brown crystalline grains. These grains in Sanskrit were called â€Å"sarkara†. The name sugar in different languages came from the original Sanskrit name. Thus, in Arabic – Sukkar, in Turkish – Seker, in Latin – saccharum, in Italian – zucchero, in German – Zucker, in Russian – Skhar, and in English – Sugar. In 327 B.C. the warriors of Alexander the great entered the Indian land. Their attention was attracted to the strange white colored solid material with a sweet taste. Onisikrit, the Greek historian of that time, who accompanied Alexander the great, wrote about the fact that in India; a cane produces honey without bees. Seventh century Arab expansion revealed Indian recipe of sugar production. Arabs brought the sugar cane from India and began to cultivate in Middle East. Arab established sugar production in North America and Spain as their expansion spread. West Europeans came to know about sugar during 11th century Crusade. Later West European trade with the East introduced sugar to the Europeans. Sugar was an extraordinarily expensive product at that time. For example, in 1319 in London, in today’s currency it cost $ 100 for one kilogram. In the 15th century sugarcane made its voyage to the New world, thus becoming one of few plants that came from Europe to America. It is recorded that in 1493, Columbus took sugar cane plants to grow in the Caribbean, and thus established a whole period of sugarcane plantation network. Caribbean islands became a real paradise for Indian sugarcane. Plantation supporting required a lot of workers. This also established export of 900,000 slaves from Africa during 1701 to 1810 just to support plantations in Jamaican and Barbados. Massive sugarcane plantation resulted power struggle among leading world powers of that time to take control of West Indies. In 1674, the Netherlands surrendered New York (at that time was called New Amsterdam) to England in exchange of sugar plant ownership in Suriname. In a 1673, France was ready to leave Canada to the UK in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe. Necessity is the mother of invention, and it dictated to find an alternative of expensive sugarcane â€Å"sugar† in Western Europe. Way back in 1575, French botanist Oliver de Serres tried to draw attention to the high sugar content in sugar beet, however, only in 1747, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf managed to extract sugar from sugar beets. He presented a report about this discovery to the Berlin Academy of Science. During the life of Marggraf, his discovery did not get the ne cessary attention. In 1786, Charl Achard, French by birth, one of Marggraf’ student initiated agricultural experimental work of cultivation near Berlin. His goal was to learn how to grow the most sugary beet that could be used for sugar production. In January 1799, Charl Achard presented the first significant sample of sugar beet that weighed about 4 kg to the Prussian king Frederick William III. In his explanatory note to the King, he mentioned that by replacing sugarcane â€Å"sugar† by sugar beet â€Å"sugar† the country would save a considerable amount of foreign currency and create jobs for the locals. In 1802, with help from the government, Charl Achard, built the first plant in the estate of Kunren of Prussia for the production of sugar from sugar

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Criminology - Essay Example How is it possible, for example, to justify the actions of a criminal, who killed a little child? It is absolutely impossible to let this person exist further, moreover to give him a chance to appear among other members of the society again one day. Such people should be eliminated, they should not exist, because their behavior can’t be corrected anyhow. So, death penalty is very helpful here and should be used. On the other hand modern world is trying to follow democratic principles. Notwithstanding that the majority of European countries and many states of the US cancelled death penalty, in some countries death penalty is still widely used. For example, in China it is applied every day to any kinds of crimes (Evans, 2012). Is it right? No, it is absolutely wrong because it contradicts humanistic and democratic principles. The best way is to use death penalty only sometimes for the most severe crimes. However, cases are rarely considered separately, the law is the same for everybody, and many innocent people are still in risk. Thus, the issue remains

Hunting and mindset Essay Example for Free

Hunting and mindset Essay I believe if you have a fixed mindset it’s never too late to change and adapt to a growth mindset. The growth mindset will lead you to try new things but a fixed mindset will stop you in your tracks causing you only to fail. The type of mindset you have is very important because it will influence your life in many ways. What is the difference between a growth and fixed mindset? Well a growth or positive mindset leads to a desire to learn and therefore a tendency to embrace challenges, persist in the face of setbacks, see effort as the path to mastery, and learn from criticism, and find lessons in the success of others. As a result you will reach even higher levels of achievement. A fixed or negative mindset leads to a tendency to look smart at any cost. Therefore a tendency to avoid challenges, give up easily, see effort as fruitless or worse, ignore useful negative feedback, and feel threatened by the success of others. As a result you will plateau early and achieve less than your full potential. Some of the ways a positive mind set affected my life happened early in my life. For example when I was ten years old I went to camp seven hills and took on archery. It was really hard but I learned it very quickly and never gave up. When I got home from camp I asked my dad if I could go hunting with him once I was old enough and he told me girls cant hunt we are too weak. Because I had a growth mindset I never gave up I practiced without my father every day for three years. I got my hunting license when I was thirteen and went with my friend mike and his parents to their cabin in Olean NY. It was really cold out that day I remember shaking while perched up in my tree I wanted to give up so bad but I wanted to prove my dad wrong and show him that girls can hunt. Finally a 8 point buck walks in my range I got my bow ready and breathing slowly I pull back the arrow aim for the kill spot let go WAMM right threw his lungs. I was so excited knowing I just proved to my father that I can do anything I put my mind to. After I turned fifteen I started to develop more of a fixed mindset towards school which affected my life in many ways. It all started with failing one test and my life spiraled downhill from there. It was 2003 and I thought I was on top of the world I could pass any test without studying and I thought I knew everything, but what I didn’t know is how this stuck up attitude was going to change my life in a huge way. I walked into my class head in the clouds sad down and looked at my test â€Å"spelling ha this is going to be easy† I muttered. I flew through the test handed it in and walked out. The next day I got to class and my teacher handed me my test my jaw dropped â€Å"this has to be a mistake I couldn’t of got only a 63% on my test you had to grade it wrong† I yelled to the teacher. She gave me detention for yelling at her in class but I didn’t bother going I was so mad. I started skipping school and going to parties because at this point I started not to care anymore. When I got home one day my dad grounded me because the school called him and mentioned my behavior to him. I was so mad I ran away from home and started drinking and doing drugs. This caused me to get put in a detention center when I was sixteen and when I got out I moved in with my mother because she didn’t care what I did. Now twenty-three I have started to work at getting back into a positive mindset so I can be a good role model for my daughter. In order for someone to adopt a growth mindset, they would have to care about what their mindset is, understand why they act the way they do, and understand that they can change, and the reason for change, which would be to become a better person, which they would also have to care about. Our mindset will affect us in many ways and it can also affect the people around us which are why we should try to keep a growth mindset.

Our Babies, Ourselves Essay Example for Free

Our Babies, Ourselves Essay Dependence during infancy is unique amongst hominids compared to other beings. However, different cultures in the world differ on how they cater to this dependency. For example, the American culture is influenced by individualism, therefore they tend to rear their children in such a way that they will grow up as an independent individual. On the other hand, Japanese are likely to be more affectionate in their child upbringing culture. And on both instances, infants who were reared up the American or Japanese way, their anticipated adult traits remain to be visible. As the article â€Å"Our Babies, Ourselves† suggests, the care given to an infant during his most dependent stage is reflected when the infant grows up and he develops his own sense of independence and survival skills. The rearing up process, whether an individual is being given over adequate attention or being least assisted during infancy is reflected by his developed reflexes and skills in his grown up stage. For the Gusii child-rearing practices, infants were held closer to their parents compared to other cultures. Here, infants develop a closer bond to their mothers, and later on towards other children to develop their interpersonal skills better. Moreover, apart from the physical and emotional aspects of development, neurological and genetic developments of infants are also being attributed to their rearing up practices. Thus, the uniqueness developed by an individual regarding his skills, competencies and survival instincts is defined by infant care that was rendered to him by his parents. However, the rearing up process is highly shaped and influenced by traditions within a culture, thus creating cross-cultural differences when it comes to child development across different nations and races.

Reengineering and Code Migration Strategies

Reengineering and Code Migration Strategies GENERAL The most important quality of software reengineering is to improve or transformation of an existing software system so that it can be understood, controlled and user-friendly. Software is used to replace high software maintenance cost of the legacy systems. So software reengineering is more beneficial for recovering and reusing existing software assets, putting high software maintenance costs under control. It also establishes a base for future software evolution. There are several software reengineering process such as reverse engineering, re-documentation, restructuring, source code translation and forward reengineering. So we used software reengineering through source code translation process. For doing software reengineering through source code conversion there are several conversion tools, these tools used to translate a code written in one language to another language. We decided to convert software developed in C++ language into java language because java more suitable for internet, more reliable, platform independent etc.There are various source code translation tools such as Tangible software solution In, Ephedra; novo soft’s C2J++, C2J and so on. We used tangible software solution Inc tool to convert a source code written in C++ language into java programming language. It has been found that java based source code is much better than C++. There are several reason for that such as less execution time as well less complexity. The essence of software reengineering is to reuse the existing code of legacy system because the original expense of developing the logic and the component of the software should not be wasted. In this Dissertation software reengineering through source code translation is used. The experimental results are better. As explanation in java language specification, java is related to C and C++ but there are some important and noticeable differences that pose some problems in a migration from C++ to Java. The biggest difference is that C++ is not a complete object oriented language as that of java. Java is the platform independent programming language means it does not need specific platform for run.So it is very hard problem to translate a C++ code into a java code because there is no any specific tool that can convert a given C++ code into java code without any manual work because both the syntax and semantics is required to convert. We also used to change the paradigm which is necessary to move from C++ to java. KEY POINTS OF REENGINEERING During our dissertation work we have concluded the following key points of software reengineering: The objective of reengineering is to improve the structure of the system to make it easier to understand and to maintain. Source code translation is the automated conversion of the program written in one language to another language. Reverse engineering is the process of extract the system design and identification from its source code. Program modularization include regeneration to group connected items. Data reengineering may be necessary because of the inconsistent data management. CODE MIGRATION STRATEGIES: C++ TO JAVA In this chapter we will discuss about various efforts which are used by us during analysis of C++ to java conversion using Tangible Software Solution Inc converter. To validate Tangible Software Solution Inc approach, we conclude several case studies by selecting typical C++ source code for migration in java language. We also analyzed that readability of java language developed manually is very easy than original C++ code but readability of java converted code by this tool is not perfect because its Line of Code (LOC) is too large in comparison to original C++ source code as well as manually java converted code. During the conversion from C++ source code into java code, we wrote a lot of C++ programs in last chapter. We wrote various types of C++ programs as a regression test suite to test aspects of transliteration. To validate the correctness of real program, we chose a stand-alone monopoly Air-ticket software package. We choose C++ to Java migration because we know that java language become an accepted standard for wide range of development needs now-a-days. Software as well as web developer found it necessary to convert the applications they have written in older programming language such as C++ to Java. There are various language conversion tools like Tangible Software Solution Inc, C2J++, Ephedra etc. Novosoft’s C2J++ converts a given C++ code to its equivalent java classes while other given tool converts any given C++ source code into java code. With the help of these tools it is possible to convert any C ++ code into java code and this conversion with the help of these tools is not very difficult. If any software developer uses these tools then he/she can save both time as well as resources. He/she can get a project done rapid and without retaining someone to rewrite an application, which is the last option, if the reengineering cost is too large. We can also choose to rewrite or to re develop if the number of the faulty components (objects) is more than 50%. A tangible software solution Inc converter translates a C++ code to a java code or java classes. The amount of time it takes to translate the given C++ source code into java code depends on numbers of factors including your hardware as well as size of the original C++ source code. Expected conversion is not directly proportional to Line of Code (LOC) used to develop C++ code but it depends on the nature of C++ program. For the large applications we expect that the conversion time of Tangible software solution Inc tool is about two minutes. Now we will discuss about the conversion of various type of C++ program into java and what type of difficulties have came during conversion with the help of Tangible software solution Inc conversion tool. We will also discuss these criteria with the help of some case studies base on C++ to java conversion as follows: PROGRAM STRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT Whenever we decided to reengineer given software instead of maintenance, we have the following improvement in the structure of this software: Maintenance moves to corrupt the structure of a program. It becomes difficult and difficult to understand. Program may be axiomatically restructured to eliminate unconditional branches. The conditions may be cleared to make them more comprehensible. The conditions may be simplified as follows: Complex condition given by following expression: If not ( A>B and (CF))) And the simplified condition may be expressed as: If ( A = D or E > F) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C++ JAVA The major difference between C++ and Java is the hardware platform for which these programming languages are compiled. C++ programs are usually compiled to the native machine language of a computer, while Java programs are compiled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), a virtual hardware platform running on top of a concrete hardware platform. The JVM checks all type conversions and storage accesses for their safety and security and imposes conservative restrictions on these operations. All C and C++ compilers implement a stage of compilation known as the preprocessor. The preprocessor basically performs an intelligentsearch and replace on identifiers that have been declared using the #define or#typedef directives. Java does not have a preprocessor. Constant data members are used in place of the #define directive and class definitions are used in lieu of the #typedef directive, however there is no substitute for macros, which canbe useful. The Java approach to defining constants and namingtypes of data structures is probably conceptually simpler for the programmer.Java will bounds check arrays toprevent this from happening, of course with alittle extra runtime cost. QUALITY OF GENERATED CODE Whenever we convert a C++ source code to a java code with the help of Tangible software solution Inc converter or manually then we see that the quality of generated code improved definitely. We also analyzed the converted code with respect to its readability and performance of newly converted code. However Tangible software solution Inc tool is unable to convert the whole given software developed in the C++ language into java code at a time but it is suitable to convert a given C++ code to equivalent java classes and after doing some manual work on these converted java classes with the help of Tangible software solution Inc conversion tool, we can found the resultant java code. We also analyzed that this code is more maintainable in comparison to given original C++ source code. The most important feature of java language is that it is totally platform independent language while C++ language does not have this feature. If any software/program code is platform independent it means it c an run on any system having different operating system that is if any java code is developed using window operating system then it can also run on different systems having different operating systems such like Linux as well as UNIX operating system easily. There are following main factors which are improved after conversion: Readability Conformance and integration Performance Readability If we take out a subjective point of view then code generated by Ephedra conversion tool having less manual work in comparison to its competitor for large scale automated translation of source code by Tangible software solution Inc, but main problem related to Ephedra is its availability. Ephedra is not open source code so mainly is not used for academics. Before using this tool we have to need its license so we decided to do our work with Tangible software solution Inc conversion tool which is open source software. However we converted our project developed in C++ language into java language with the help of this tool but actually we have not been able to gather any final result without some manual work on this generated code. Conformance and Integration To integrate the large volume of the source code written in C++ into the java program is the primary goal of Ephedra but it is very difficult with the help of Tangible software solution Inc because Tangible software solution Inc translator storage management scheme is incompatible with that regular java programs. The main reason is that Tangible software solution Inc does not use regular java data types and classes. So the generated code does not provide the interface with manually written java source code. On the other hand Ephedra uses the regular java data types and classes. So, the generated code provides the interface with manually written java source code. We should have remembered that arrays and the pointers are the part of interfaces to the generated code. So, the software reengineers should have a basic knowledge of Ephedra but a deep knowledge is not required if he/ she dies not work with it. A software engineer can also add the required functionality after reviewing the source code to ensure that the desired effects are achieved. Performance The performance of a tool also depends on the pointer mapping scheme used as explained above. The code converted using the first mapping scheme was about 5 times slower than the original C++ code for spring algorithm and about 10 times slower for Sugiyama algorithm. With the help of our translation code we conclude that the experiments on the second mapping scheme produced code that run about 30% faster than code produced with the first mapping scheme.