Persuasive Essay On Bullying - 1259 Words

Throughout my childhood, I was bullied. This bullying left physical and mental scars, as well as me lacking self-confidence. Whenever I attempted to defend myself or tell someone of the situation, it never worked. Either I would get bullied more by both students and teachers, or be ignored completely. This is when my father grew tired of me coming home sad and injured, he consulted the school, but they suggested settling it out with the bully’s parents. This resulted in my father meeting the parents of my bullies(s), which didn’t go so well. The parents didn’t believe my father and instead pushed their child’s actions to the side. They then proceeded to blame my father for not teaching me to stick up for myself and that it’s a normal part†¦show more content†¦Two of these sources are: Kids with a parent in jail need special care, research says by Alexandra Sifferlin and A timeline of the evolution of school bullying in differing social cont ext by Hyojin Koo. All over America school bullying has taken its toll on many students and families, both the victims and bully’s. However, no matter what is done, what is said, people still don’t stop and focus their attention on bullying prevention or even take it seriously. Parents need to be held accountable and bare most of the responsibility, because parent’s influences are the most powerful source of every child’s motivations as well as who they will become. When the parent(s) aren’t held accountable it can result in their child having complications into adulthood, and not understanding right from wrong. Problem Analysis Bullying has been an issue in schools for decades, looking back to the 18th century peer-on-peer harassment was just as common as it is today. However, during that time bullying was newly recognized and barely understood. Today it may seem like violent behavior, but back in that time it maybe wasn’t considered violent. Throughout the years several events and studies have taken place, which have made a significant impact on bullying. The term bullying was not publicly recognized until a newspaper (which was well known) made a publication of this behavior. According to Koo (2007), in 1862, The Times wrote their first story on bullying, theyShow MoreRelatedBullying Persuasive Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesBullying is a problem that happens in almost every single school and it can have many different reasons and ways. Bullying can happen online or at schools. It is becoming a big problem because it is worldwide and it is not good for kids to get bullied. Kids can become depressed when they are being bullied. Also they can have mental health problems later on. It already has a lot of attention but it needs more so it can be stopped. Bullying needs a lot more attention because too many kids are beingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfather had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, and it must co me to an end. Bullying should be stopped because of the terrible and heartbreaking outcomes. To begin, the power of bullying is disgraceful land will always have a negative outcome. Bullying occurs when someone is repeatedly harmed by someoneRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying865 Words   |  4 PagesThis was said during a period of time where bullying was not as big of an issue as it currently is. Whether someone has been bullied, been a bully, or have seen bullying happen, it has come up in some way at a point in their life. Bullying has affected various generations of people in many ways, causing a lot of different problems throughout the world. Some of these may include mental and physical health issues which can also lead to suicide. Bullying must be stopped in order to improve our livesRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagescommunities filled with individuals who are being affected by bullying from a range of young children to adults. According to the internet, bullying is the use of superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typic ally to force him or her to do what one wants. Therefore, bullying can affect everyone for those who are affected by the bullying, those who cause the bullying, and those who witness the bullying. In other words, bullying can have a crucial influence on mental health and in extremeRead MorePersuasive Essay on Bullying1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthey think about classes, friends, and books. They think about the minor struggles of drama and studying for next week’s big test. For them, school is just school. It’s something that has just become a part of life, not good or bad. For victims of bullying, school is a living nightmare. School is harassment, and pain, and a whole series of struggles too much for the normal person to comprehend. Schools have created this image of â€Å"normal† that many people strive to fit into. But when there is someoneRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagessame† - Thirteen Reasons Why. Over 3.2 million student s are victims of bullying each year. Bullying is a serious offence and shouldn’t be taken lightly, students around the world should be aware of what bullying does and how it affects the other person. Seventeen percent of American students report bullying two to three times a month or more within a school semester. Bullying has been occurring for years and bullying in schools was one of the first manifestations. Kids go home every dayRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1011 Words   |  5 PagesBullying, bullying has been around for a long time. Bullying has been in America since the country’s founding. Created from a competitive environment, bullying has remained a relevant issue throughout the years. Cyberbullying, has allowed the problem to expand, the thought to survive is an instinct and is common among all humans. Survival is associated with competition due to the large amount of species and limited resources on the planet. Since the dawn of time there has been a constant thoughtRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying834 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment. Bullying effects millions of students in schools each year. This can lead to heartbreaking consequences to the victim and their families. Tyler Clementi, a freshman at Rutgers College, took his own life by jumping off the George Washington Bridge over the Hudson River in New York City, after two of his fellow classmen allegedly streamed live video on the internet of him and another fellow student, who was male, in a sexual encounter (Billiterri, â€Å"Preventing Bullying† 1015). ThisRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying841 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they don’t agree with who they are. Bullying LGBTQ is wrong because no one should be subjected to cruel treatment. Many LGBTQ human rights are being violated through harassment and cruel treatment. By bullying LGBTQ people are taking away many LGBTQ’s human rights. And as article 5 states that â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.† Studies show that LGBTQ students receive 24% more bullying per day than a non LGBTQ. Because some LGBTQRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1352 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting bullied, would you try to stop it, or would you ignore it and walk away? Bullying is a big problem, especially in the United States. There are active efforts to stop it, but many studies show that a simple intervention from a bystander can work wonders. In fact, a study done by Hawkins and Pepler from York University, along with Craig from Queen’s University, shows that a whopping 57% of interventions (in bullying situations) are effective. A few days ago, during my stay at the Avera-McKennan

Analysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan - 1190 Words

A Mother and Her Daughter In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† (1989), a section of her novel â€Å"The Joy Luck Club†, Tan depicts the mother-daughter relationship between June and her mother, Ms. Woo. Ms. Woo is determined to turn June into a child prodigy, forcing her to try different activities to see if she would be a prodigy in that field. Ms. Woo then forces June to take piano lessons, and to her content June continues to play the piano with lessons from Mr. Chong. When it comes time for June to perform in her school recital, she failed miserably because she refused to practice correctly, causing a conflict that would go unsolved with her mother. The Central idea in â€Å"Two Kinds† is not only focused on the Mother-Daughter relationship between June†¦show more content†¦Since having a child prodigy has such impact socially for Ms. Woo, her vigor is personified. This vigorous tone eventually causes Junes tone to change from hopeful and somewhat submissive to an enraged vigorous tone like her mothers. Compared to the tone at the beginning of the story, June and her mother substitute their tone for one another’s. June’s mother when â€Å"half pulling, half carrying†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1238) June to practice her piano, starts the reaction that reverses the tones in the story. June then proclaims that she â€Å"wish I’d never been born†¦ wish I were dead! Like them.† (1238). This enraged tone causes her mother to take on a submissive or passive tone, â€Å"her mouth closed, her arms went slack†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1238). The tone expressed in â€Å"two Kinds† helps to identify the cultural differences and mother-daughter conflicts outlined by the central idea. The stuck up, snobby tone that Ms. Woo portrays when socializing among the community is indicative of the culture around her. By having excellence in a field , you gain social hierarchy over others who do not have an excellence. This social standing is important given the vigorous and demanding tone Ms. Woo displays. This tone that is engendered by the cultural differences in Asian-American society pushes the tone expressed by Ms. Woo towards her daughter June. Furthermore, the tone that is produced helps paint a picture into the central ideaShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1567 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most complex relationships is that of a mother and daughter. Amy Tan is an author who writes about her life growing up as an Asian-American in Chinatown. Her novel The Joy Luck Club is a series of short stories about Chinese mothers and their assimilated daughters. One of these stories is â€Å"Two Kinds,† which looks into the life of Jing-Mei Woo and her struggle to gain a sense of self. Some key themes in The Joy Luck Club are the generational and intercultural differences among Chinese-AmericanRead MoreAn alysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan803 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Maraboli once said, â€Å" When you hold a grudge, you want someone else’s sorrow to reflect your level of hurt but the two barely meet.† â€Å"Two Kinds,† by the author Amy Tan, exhibits how the difference in mindsets prompts a mother and daughter, named Jing-mei, to fail to see eye to eye. After a careful analysis of the story, the reader understands how Jing-meis relationship with her mom changed, why her relationship changed, and how the changed relationship affects the whole story. The daughtersRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1365 Words   |  6 Pages In her short story, â€Å"Two Kinds,† Amy Tan describes the childhood of a Chinese immigrant’s daughter. Jing-Mei seeks to desperately become her own unique person but her mother has other plans for her because Jing-Mei’s mother realizes the abundant opportunities that are available to her daughter. Like many immigrants, Jing-Mei’s mother did not have the privilege of becoming a trained child genius, pianist, or a movie star. Instead, Jing-Mei’s mother had to endure many hardships in China such as losingRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan913 Words   |  4 Pages The story, â€Å"Two Kinds†, by Amy Tan employs symbolism, flashback, and conflict to express the love of a mother. This story starts off with the mother, Suyuan Woo, and her daughter, Jing-Mei, trying to find something that the daughter could become talented at, maybe at a prodigious level. Su yuan Woo introduced various activities that she thought could spark her daughter’s interest. However, none of them seem to be quite right for Jing-Mei. One day, Suyuan Woo bought a piano, hoping this might be theRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1185 Words   |  5 PagesAmy Tan’s short story â€Å"Two Kinds† describes a Chinese immigrant family who hope of finding success and an overall betterment of life in America. After losing everything in China, Jing-mei’s mother, Mrs. Woo, tries as a minority house maid in the 1960s to provide all the opportunities she can for her last daughter. This short story revolves around the interactions between the Jing-mei, who desires a ordinary life, and Mrs. Woo, who seeks only the best from her daughter. The values of these two charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1960 Words   |  8 PagesCultures vary from throughout the world and throughout each family. The way parents raise us through love a nd affection, discipline and experiences form us as human beings. This brings us to our topic regarding the story â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan. In the story â€Å"Two Kinds†, the author Amy Tan shows the relationship between a mother who is a Chinese immigrant and her daughter that is Chinese American and the pressure she faces by her mother. From beginning to end it shows their whole relationship play outRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Two Kinds By Amy Tan1188 Words   |  5 Pages America is the land of opportunity. It is the land of freedom, and an immigrants chance to become what they desire. Growing up with two immigrant parents that is what we preached on a daily basis. Both of my parents immigrated to America for the chance of a better life, and they made that very clear to me. There was no exceptions for them. Either you became someone or you will become a disappointment. Pressure was put on me on a daily basis, and slacking off was not acceptable. Therefore, the mainRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan713 Words   |  3 Pagesthe case for the mother in â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan. The m other had an American dream expectation for her daughter to be prodigy girl who endowed at a young age exceptional qualities and abilities but her daughter did not share the same American dream as her mother. The post modern pice of literature is set after WWII . During this time it was all about individualism. The short story is a representation of many immigrant parents ans their children. Throughout the story Amy uses the characters, settingRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s Two Kinds984 Words   |  4 PagesBig Mistake â€Å"It was not the only disappointment my mother felt in me† (Tan 327). Growing up with a mother like mine, disappointment came very easily. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† the mother and daughter were always on edge because the mother expected too much and the daughter could never meet up to the standards that she had set. After thirty years went by after their big falling out the mother gives the daughter a piano as a sign of forgiveness, but the daughter has a remaining feeling of guilt forRead MoreA Literary Analysis of Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay example976 Words   |  4 PagesTHEME The title of this short story â€Å"Two Kinds† is describes the theme of this story. The mother had stated that there are only two types of daughters. â€Å"Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind.† (pg 412) Jing Mei did not understand the truth or meaning behind that declaration until after her mothers death. Jing Mei realized that her mother only meant that she could be an obedient child by listening to her mother while at the same time follow her own heart and want her own prodigy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay A pregnant womans lifestyle ultimately affects the development of her baby. Excessive exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome states Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the name given to a group of physical and mental birth defects that are the direct result of a womans drinking during pregnancy (NOFAS 1). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the only disease that is one hundred percent preventable if the mother refrains from drinking while pregnant. Drinking liquor at all during pregnancy is not advisable. There is no way of measuring how much alcohol one can consume before defects occur, and no proof that small amounts of liquor are safe. As little as one drink a day can cause a baby some degree of harm and interfere with their normal development. The more the mother drinks the greater the risk of damage to the baby. The Syndrome occurs in anywhere from point five to three live births per thousand in western countries†¦It is estimated that between thirty and forty percent of all woman who drink heavily during pregnancy will have a child afflicted with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome†¦Fetal Alcohol Syndrome outranks Downs Syndrome in prevalence and is the leading case of mental retardation (Britanica 1). Once the damage is done it cannot be undone. Babies who are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome suffer symptoms that are permanent. Without a doubt the easiest way to prevent these defects is to not drink alcohol at all during pregnancy. Education also plays a vital role in prevention. The more people know about the effects of maternal drinking, the less likely they will drink while pregnant. The risks of drinking as little as one or two drinks a day may not seem like much yet they can cause a lifetime of birth defects. Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol syndrome are present not only at birth, but also during gestation. Low prenatal growth, and birth weight are common primary signs. A small head, small eye openings, droopy eye lids, a short upturned nose, thin upper lip, and small jaw are just some of the many physical abnormalities that can occur with chronic drinking. The physical birth defects are devastating yet just as much damage is unseen by the naked eye. Central nervous system defects such as Mental Retardation and behavior disorders can be seen. Poor concentration, impulsiveness and lack of judgment have a severe impact on the childs overall development. Children with behavior problems also do worse than normal children in school. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome children have problems paying attention, score lower in mathematics and spelling, and have lower I.Q scores. Not only do these defects get worse as the child ages, the vicious cycle of alcohol abuse is also very likely to continue. Fetal Alcohol syn drome children are more likely to become alcohol dependant adults than children of mothers who did not drink. All the devastating disabilities last a lifetime. Early and accurate diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is crucial. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome states, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is widely misdiagnosed and under diagnosed, less than ten percent of medical schools require students to complete a course on the proper diagnosis and referral of individuals with alcoholism and other drug related addictions (NOFAS 1). Knowing who is at risk can help our knowledge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .postImageUrl , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:hover , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:visited , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:active { border:0!important; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:active , .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552 .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6192e5ff5570aa47d385be8904ae552:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: College and Tuition: Is it worth It? EssayPregnant woman can compromise the health of their children by drinking alcohol. Not only does exposure cause severe birth defects, but also certain people are more at risk than others for developing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Age, race, social class and occupation play a big part in determining who is more at risk. Yet Fetal Alcohol syndrome does not discriminate, every one who drinks alcohol while pregnant is at risk. Certain other issues can also increase a mothers chances of her baby developing the Syndrome. Certain people are genetically predisposed to be vulnerable to alcohol; this may increase the effects of drinking liquor on t he fetus. Also drinking large amounts of alcohol combined with lack of nutrients can also make the unborn child severely malnourished. This leads to the fetus being more susceptible to the effects of alcohol as it tries to get its nutrients from the liquor. The dangers of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are entirely preventable if the pregnant mother abstains from drinking alcohol while pregnant. There is no known cure for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The series of physical and mental defects that comprise this Syndrome are irreversible. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the only cause of birth defects that are totally one hundred percent preventable. Drinking any amount of alcohol during pregnancy is not advisable. Through education and intervention these defects can be stopped. Knowing who is at risk and how to prevent it is the first step. It is everyones responsibility to encourage friends and family not to drink while pregnant. Nine months of drinking alcohol by the mother can cause a lifetime of irreversible damage for the child. Bibliography:

Inkeepers Rights To Evict A Guest Essays - Landlordtenant Law

Inkeepers Rights To Evict A Guest Outline 1. Intro a. Definition b. Innkeepers rights 2. Reasons to Evict a. Nonpayment of a bill b. Overstaying c. Disorderly conduct d. Serious or contagious illness e. Objectionable character or improper conduct f. Business competitors seeking to solicit customers g. Non-guests 3. How to Evict a. Legal forms b. Innkeeper's lien c. Excessive force d. Liability for wrongful eviction 4. Tenant vs. Guest a. Guidelines of differences b. Actions to be taken under circumstances 5. Conclusion Under certain circumstances an innkeeper has the right to withdraw hotel privileges and evict a guest. Evict means to remove someone from property. A hotel can evict a guest for nonpayment of a bill, overstaying, disorderly conduct, serious or contagious illness, or objectionable character. In addition to those conditions a hotel may also evict business competitors seeking to solicit customers under certain circumstances along with non-guests (Cournoyer, p. 356). The hotelkeeper must first make certain the person occupying the room is a guest and not a tenant. If the person is a tenant, than the above reasons for evicting them must be accompanied with a court proceeding. The right to evict stems from the duty of the innkeeper to receive and provide adequate accommodations, without discrimination, to all who come in a fit condition to be received, who are willing and able to pay as long as the hotel has a room. If, after the guests' admission, circumstances occur which would have justified the innkeeper in refusing to admit that person, the innkeeper has justification for evicting that guest (Kalt, p. 53). Once admitted, a guest is in a better position to demand the services of the innkeeper than when that person first applied for admission, but that alone does not secure the guest from being evicted (Sherry, p. 109). Failure to pay a hotel bill is grounds for eviction. Ordinarily, the hotel makes a demand upon the guest for the amount of the bill and requests the guest to leave by a certain hour if the bill is not paid. The hotel has the right to evict immediately as long as the person is a guest, and not a tenant. From the earliest times, the rule was that an innkeeper had the right to request payment before furnishing accommodations. By the nineteenth century, it had become customary not to require payment in advance, though the right to do so still remains (Sherry, p.114). A classic case on ejection for refusal to pay is Morningstar v Lafayettte Hotel Co. In this case the guest refused to pay his bill for both room service, and dining in the caf?. Then when he retuned for breakfast he was refused service. It was proven that the hotel is not required to entertain a guest who has refused to pay a lawful charge. If a guest overstays the agreed time limit that person may be required to leave. If the guest refuses, he may be evicted in a reasonable manner, not inflicting injury or undue humiliation upon the guest. A good practice that most hotelkeepers do is to print or stamp the date of departure on the registration card and on a copy given to the guest. If the hotel has made other commitments for this room, the innkeeper should just remove the guest's luggage from his room during his absence and to double-lock the door so the guest can't get back in to their room (Sherry, p. 115). Three states ? Hawaii, Louisiana, and North Carolina ? have passed statues that codify the common law position and make a holdover guest a trespasser. For example, Hawaii's statute specifies: ?Any guest who continues to occupy an assigned bedroom beyond the scheduled departure without the prior written approval of the keeper shall be deemed a trespasser.? In the forty-seven states that don't have statutes specifically covering the rights of innkeepers with regard to overstays, to reduce the possibility of any lawsuits, innkeepers should proceed with caution when evicting a guest (Cournyer, p. 357). Another right of an innkeeper is to eject guests, and non-guest who engage in disorderly, undesirable, or unacceptable conduct at the inn. Most states have statutes similar to the following: Eviction of disorderly persons: Every owner or keeper of any hotel, inn, motel, boarding house or lodging house in this state shall have the right to evict

Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement

The article explains that freestyle is the fastest form of locomotion for fluid movement. The article also discusses statistical testing to understand front stoke in swimming and it mechanical link to the fluid forces required in non-propulsive directions. This examined underlying mechanics of the observed relationships among stoke frequency, stroke length, body roll, and speed. Experimental data was collected from professional swimmers on strategies used to change stroke frequency to swim faster. Stroke frequency is determined by the swimmers desired efforts (Yanai). Three factors are suggested to determine stroke frequency: (a) inertia of the arm about the shoulder, (b) range of motion through which the arm moves, (c) torque applied to the arm though out the shoulder (Yanai). These factors alone do not increases stoke frequency (Yanai). Increase in trunk roll cycle and body roll also will increase stroke frequency (Yanai). It is explained that the trunk roll uses external forces that act in non propulsive directions. This is a constraint to a swimmers propulsion and efficiency (Yanai 2001). These factors have an effect on the swimmers stroke frequency, stroke length, and speed (Yanai). With this in mind Yanai made two predictions (1) body roll and effect of non-propulsive forces on the body will predict stroke frequency. (2) Swimmers will reduce fluid forces in non-propulsive directions in the body roll cycle by increasing stroke frequency. The hypothesis’s above were tested using Euler’s equation of motion, experimental videography technique with panning periscopes, DLT-based algorithm, 3X 3 matrix, and correlation analysis. These research methods studied the body roll, moment of inertia of the body about the axis, turning effect of fluid forces and global maximum. These hypotheses were supported by the formulas outcomes. The formulas found true to the fact that stoke frequency was predicted well with the... Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement The article explains that freestyle is the fastest form of locomotion for fluid movement. The article also discusses statistical testing to understand front stoke in swimming and it mechanical link to the fluid forces required in non-propulsive directions. This examined underlying mechanics of the observed relationships among stoke frequency, stroke length, body roll, and speed. Experimental data was collected from professional swimmers on strategies used to change stroke frequency to swim faster. Stroke frequency is determined by the swimmers desired efforts (Yanai). Three factors are suggested to determine stroke frequency: (a) inertia of the arm about the shoulder, (b) range of motion through which the arm moves, (c) torque applied to the arm though out the shoulder (Yanai). These factors alone do not increases stoke frequency (Yanai). Increase in trunk roll cycle and body roll also will increase stroke frequency (Yanai). It is explained that the trunk roll uses external forces that act in non propulsive directions. This is a constraint to a swimmers propulsion and efficiency (Yanai 2001). These factors have an effect on the swimmers stroke frequency, stroke length, and speed (Yanai). With this in mind Yanai made two predictions (1) body roll and effect of non-propulsive forces on the body will predict stroke frequency. (2) Swimmers will reduce fluid forces in non-propulsive directions in the body roll cycle by increasing stroke frequency. The hypothesis’s above were tested using Euler’s equation of motion, experimental videography technique with panning periscopes, DLT-based algorithm, 3X 3 matrix, and correlation analysis. These research methods studied the body roll, moment of inertia of the body about the axis, turning effect of fluid forces and global maximum. These hypotheses were supported by the formulas outcomes. The formulas found true to the fact that stoke frequency was predicted well with the...

Reaction to Death With Dignity essays

Reaction to Death With Dignity essays Choice of Pysicain Assisted Sucide Should Be States It is clear from reading the Oregon Death with Dignity Act that those who drafted this legislation wanted to give the choice to individuals who were terminally ill as defined in the Act, to have the ability to end their life on their own terms. The intention of this Act is to give a person the ability to control their own death in which would without this alternative be controlled by their disease. I feel that by requiring two separate concurring opinions that conclude with the diagnosis of a terminal illness, and by requiring a psychological review to ensure the individual possess clear judgment, it is enough to classify this option as a medical treatment rather than a suicide. I categorize this as a treatment because I feel it is not entirely different than anything else a physician can offer to their patients who suffer from these conditions. Before the Act, physicians could only offer treatments which provided physical comfort to their patients during their decline in health. I believe this new option is a treatment that provides the patient with mental comfort by providing them the piece of mind that they can control the time and place of their death. An individual who chooses physical comfort is looking to be in the least amount of pain while living as long as their disease allows. A person who seeks the option offered in the Oregon Act is choosing the mental comfort of being able to die under the conditions which they themselves determine. Both of these options are reasonable, and should be available to all those who are faced with such a dilemma. Those who developed this option intended for the individuals who qualify to repeatedly have to request for the prescription with several applications and documents, ensuring that the patient is absolutely certain with their decision. The requirement of a psychological examination is extremely important because of the impact...

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Plan - Essay Example 5. Increase charity from 0.5 of total profits to 5% in 4 years. SWOT Analysis: Strengths 1. Company attends to its corporate social responsibility by doing charity work. 2. PPQ is in par with the industry’s average profit margin for the last 3 years. Weaknesses 1. High employee turnover rate. 2. The market share of 5% is just fair. Opportunities 1. Japan’s increasing need for auto parts industry companies after the tragedy last March 2011. 2. More females are using SUV cars and market share of SUV type is increasing. 3. One of Japan’s road to recovery is to boost employment. Threats 1. There are low cost countries such as India, China, and even Korea that are already competing in this industry that could possibly be one of the leading players in SUV cars in the future. 2. Costs for new facilities that will be built when entering a new location. Alternative Courses of Action/Analysis of PROs and CONs 1. Build new facility in Japan and continue with its operations in US. Advantages: The latest tsunami tragedy that happened in Japan made other existing companies close out and this is an opportunity for PPQ to lead the industry in Japan. Since PPQ attends to its corporate social responsibility, opening a facility in Japan would be an opportunity to provide jobs to families there. PPQ will be able to gain revenue while also helping people have jobs. Japanese employees are most likely to be more cohesive as compared to their existing employees since they are recovering from their recent tragedy encounter. Disadvantages: The industry in Japan is starting up again and so competing globally may somehow be difficult. Continuous operations in US would mean that PPQ has to work on building their loyalty from their employees so as to increase employee turnover. 2. Build new facility in one of the following countries: India, China or Korea where industry is already growing and continue its operations in US. Advantages: There are more buyers in the said c ountries especially that the SUV industry is heating up in China. Disadvantages: PPQ has to cope up with the existing companies established in any of the said countries. The SUV industry which is growing could also mean that there are several competitors already. Continuous operations in US would mean that PPQ has to work on building their loyalty from their employees so as to increase employee turnover. 3. Focus on opening new facilities in different locations and close its US location since there is very high employee turnover rate already. Advantages: PPQ would no longer need to invest on time, effort and costs on winning their employee loyalty in US region if they will be giving up the said location. Disadvantages: Possible risk will be encountered since PPQ will be investing in a very new location which it has not made operations yet. It will not have another location as a backup or to exchange parts with just in case there is a shortage in the new location. Recommendation It i s recommended that PPQ take ACA#1 which is to invest in Japan to pursue on entering the SUV industry of the said country and work on making it grow there. It should also continue with its current location in US right now and decrease its employee turnover rate. The US location has always been PPQ’s home headquarters and so the company knows the business in the region, the market share and average revenue of PPQ in US is

Website Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Website Review - Essay Example through incorporating effective web design measures that form the main aim of the study to analyze the criteria foe effective web design and comparison of two corporate websites. There are certain characteristics that a business must have to be considered effective in terms of design to be a driving force in meeting advertising and information delivery needs of the business. These characteristics include: Professional brand driven design: a website has to have a professional look and convey the brand image ensuring clients have a very easy time understanding the business and the access to information should be easy and quick. Professional design  allows the client to have access to required information in an effective and efficient manner in the website. Usability: designing a website to ensure the presence of links that are easy to recognize, moderate visuals, and a clear structure allowing the client easy navigation on the website in the other effective web design criteria. Websites are more effective when users can easily find their way through the information and links provided than when the websites are difficult to use. Use of effective writing: the writing style on a website has to be adjusted to meet user’s browsing habits and preferences. This can be achieved through using concise and short phrases, plain and objective language to allow the users make their en decision on the purchase, and merging textual and visual elements on the website. Effective writing makes use of bullets, content categories, and multiple subheadings in a website. Simplicity: providing a simple rather than a complex website is effective in meeting the needs of the clients. Using a simple design with icons providing additional information, headers, footers, and content in a simple manner, and lack of advertising allows for a good web experience for the clients. Content: the other criteria for an effective website are provision of useful and valuable information to the users.

Panera Bread Case Study Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Case Study Essay INTRODUCTION: Panera Bread is one of the great American success stories of breaking trends, and shaking up the market with complete innovation. Not only were they successful, but they were able to achieve this success while doing things their own way. Product and Service differentiation were the keys to this bakery-cafà ©s success. Before Panera Breads creation in ___, never had a business combined the relaxing environment of a cafà © with the fresh aroma of an artisans bakery. This proved to be a gold mine for its owner and stakeholders, and the analysis of this period from 2001 to 2003 shows exactly why. In this analysis, we will examine the success factors of Panera Bread and explain why they were able to achieve some of the goals they had accomplished thus far. We will also explain some alternatives and opportunities that Panera Bread may look forward to taking advantage of in the future. Panera Breads mission was to create the bakery-cafà ©; a place the combined the welcoming atmosphere of coffee shops, the food of sandwich shops, and the quick service of fast food restaurants. They named this type of service fast-casual dining and the term fits because of the atmosphere and quality of service they were able to provide. Panera Bread targeted 5 key consumer dining needs which include the following: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: CURRENT SITUATION The companys revenues rose from 350.8 million to 977.1 million between 2000 and 2003 as a result of new unit expansion, with 419 stores opening between 1999 and 2003. In 2000 system wide comparison sales and annualized unit volumes increased 9.1% and 12%. The growth of these two metrics decreased in the years following with system wide comparable sales and AUVs increasing only .2% and .5%. GENERAL ENVIRONMENT The fast-casual dining market consists of those companies that seek to fill the gap between fast-food chains and full-service restaurants. These companies offer speed, efficiency, inexpensiveness, hospitality, quality and ambiance. These restaurants fall under fast casual when they offer self-service, a check between 6 and 9 dollars, slightly more expensive than fast food but cheaper than full service restaurants. Other requirements include that the food be made to order and the dà ©cor being upscale. This market of restaurants experienced significant growth between 1999 and 2003. Continued growth was expected with sales projected to reach 50 billion in the following decade. This growth was expected to come at the expense of fast food chains. The industrys growth started with high profitability and diverse dining avenues, with concepts such as Mexican, Chinese, and bakeries. Opening costs for these establishments in relation to annual sales was minimal, allowing more new players to get into the market with fresh concepts and menu items. Also the maturing of baby boomers and their children contributed largely to the growth of the fast casual market. This demographic expressed insufficient time for cooking while growing tired of fast food and desiring a high-quality, fresh, healthy dining experience, without the time consumption of a full dining restaurant. This market has effectively emerged itself into a legitimate trend in the restaurant industry. Modern day customers seek establishments that combine qualities such as a casual atmosphere, quality, and quick service. Panera Bread focuses on these aspects of their bakeries by offering breakfast, lunch, daytime chill-out, lunch in the evening and take home meals; in alignment with consumer dining  needs. The companys customer base included seniors, matinee-goers, shoppers, business professionals, and students. The company focuses on delivering high quality foods, targeting suburban dwellers and workers as a premium specialty bakery and cafà ©. Panera Bread was a pioneer in the cafà ©-bakery segment with unique concepts and operation strengths, which has led the company to its current position in the fast casual dining market. The company designed its concept in meeting the consumers needs of efficiency and the desire for high quality dining, which arent met by traditional fast food chains. The company strived to establish Panera Bread as a leading national brand, with its operation quality, real estate strategies, and design being integral to their success Each company-operated bakery had computerized cash registers to collect point of sale transaction data, used in generating marketing information. Product prices were programmed into the system from the corporate office. The companys in-store information system was designed to assist in labor scheduling and food cost management, to provide corporate and retail operation management fast access to data, and to reduce administrative time. These systems supplied data to the companys accounting department daily, enabling them to use the data to generate weekly reports on sales and other important elements. The company also monitored the average check, customer count, product mix, and other sales trends. Also, facilities had systems that allowed the dough facilities to accept electronic orders from the bakery and deliver orders to the bakeries. TASK ENVIRONMENT Employees consisted of full time associates in administrative or general positions, commissary operators, bakers, and associates at the bakeries. As of December 2003 the company had 3,924 full time associates, of whom 344 were employed in general or administrative roles principally at or from the companys support centers. The company also had 4,078 part-time hourly associates at the bakeries. The companys priority was staffing its bakeries, fresh dough facilities, and support centers with skilled associates, investing in training programs to ensure quality. The company  offered incentive programs and bonuses to salaried employees, with the addition of product discounts and employee stock options. Panera Bread believed that providing bakery-cafà © operators the opportunity to participate in the success of the company would enable the company to attract and retain highly motivated and experienced personnel, resulting in a better customer experience. The company targets mostly those individuals in urban areas, focusing on white collar workers who seek a fast and healthier alternative from fast food burgers and other common establishments of fast service. With a large focus on individuals seeking a fast, quality bakery product, the company seeks to give its target customers a stylish ambiance to dine in. Panera Breads competition derived from sources within its trade areas. The stores competed based on consumers need for breakfast, lunch, daytime, lunch in the evening, and take home bread sales with the competitive factors being location, environment, customer service, price, and quality of products. The company also competed for leased space in desirable locations where certain competitors had capital resources that exceeded those available to Panera Bread. Those primary competitors included specialty food and casual dining restaurant retailers, including national, regional, and locally owned concepts. Panera Bread had a fresh dough facility system that supplied fresh dough to the company owned and franchise operated bakeries daily. The company had 16 commissaries that prepare the fresh dough. These commissaries assured product quality and consistency, headed by the companys master artisan baker, Mile Marino, who has been with the company since 1987. The company also entered into five year contract with a company named Bunge for its supply of frozen dough. The company also signed an agreement with Dawn Food Products to prep and deliver the frozen dough; structured as a cost-plus agreement. Franchised bakerys operated under individual contracts with either the company distributor or other regional distributors, with three companies serving as the primary distributors for Panera Bread. The company has had increasing stock holders equity between 1999 and 2003, with its most recent total stockholders equity equaling 195,937 in December of 2003. Total incurred liabilities of the company equaled $46,235 in December of 2003 which made for a total liabilities and stockholders equity of $245,943  for the year. INTERNAL ANALYSIS The company strategy centered around a conceptual focus on the specialty bakery category with a focus on artisan attention bread made with all-natural ingredients. The strategies implemented by the company focus on meeting the important consumer trends met by fast food chains, while striving for a more upscale environment. In an effort to make Panera Bread emerge into a nationally dominant name, the company framed its menu, operating systems, prototype, and strategies around effective competition within sub-level business targets. This helped to company to increase profits between 2002 and 2003. The unique character of Panera Breads quality in its cafà ©s, menu options, distinguished bakery design, along with the valuable locations of its stores contributed to its success. The company planned to combine company and franchise efforts in order to achieve its growth. Franchising proved to be a key factor in the companys success, allowing the company to expand more rapidly due to increa sed resources to outfit the strategies and concepts produced by Panera. At the closing of the 2003 fiscal year, the company had 429 bakeries in operation and documented intention of opening an addition 409 bakeries. The company has 8 key executive officers with extensive experience, both with Panera Bread and also with other major corporations and organizations including Starbucks, Fidelity Investments, and other companies. All of these officers obtained their position with Panera between 1999 and 2003. The company derives its culture from the pre-existing chains of fast food and full service dine-ins. In an effort to supply consumers with a third option that combined the attributes of both of these markets, the company, through many stages of conception, effectively identified a niche within urban consumers. The company pioneered a new market segment of food service trends and through constant growth and innovation has built a successful company. The company is structured with top management and board executives establishing and updating views goals and visions for the growth and target of the restaurant chain. The company has both corporate and franchise operated bakerys that adhere to the vision and direction of company management and consumer trends. STRATEGY FORMATION: Panera Bread has maintained its business strategy over its lifespan and they continue to employ a product/service differentiation strategy to sustain their competitive advantage as a fast-casual dining experience. This strategy has enabled them to grow very swiftly over the past 15-20 years and has given them a substantial hold on the market for fast-casual dining. Panera Breads decision to employ this differentiation strategy correctly, gives them the best opportunity to succeed for their target market. They are in a market where there are many ways to differentiate the products and services they provide. Buyers often perceive these differences as the product/service having value. Fortunately, few rival firms are following this distinct differentiation approach. Ron Schaich and his team were correct when concluding that this differentiation strategy would attract patrons which gave Panera Bread every reason to employ this strategy. To differentiate themselves from the likes of McDonalds, Burger King, or Pizza Hut; they focused on an extremely high quality of food products. This played into their game plan of becoming a specialty cafe and they continued to choose the best and most natural ingredients for their products. Every loaf of bread is baked with the four ingredients, water, natural yeast, flour and salt, no chemicals or preservatives are ever used. Another practice they employ to provide first class products is within their supply chain. To provide fresh dough to their locations every day, they have many regional fresh dough facilities. These facilities would go through a 48 hour process to prepare bread and bagel dough for shipment, which provides consistent quality and efficiency to all the locations. Panera Bread also found that many customers were more health conscious which prompted them to introduce a full line of whole grain breads. Other improvements that they instituted included new artisan sweet goods, egg soufflà ©s and natural anti-biotic free chicken all to meet the customers ever changing preferences. These are the practices upon which Panera Bread has continued to provide an exceptional distinct product line to its customers in hopes of sustaining a competitive advantage. Panera has also implemented change in other areas to provide their customers with a differentiated service experience. They have employed a cafe design which created one of the most comfortable and warm environments to dine in. This has been very successful for their strategy of distinguishing themselves and their offerings to customers. Like Starbucks, they wanted to create an environment in which consumers would identify Panera Bread as a neighborhood meeting place. As a result, patrons would continuously use a Panera Bread location for all sorts of gatherings whether they are for business or pleasure. One of the greatest benefits that Panera Bread provides to its customers is free wireless high-speed internet and since they were one of the first to do so, this created a competitive advantage for them. The fast-casual dining industry is generally a new concept. At this point, Panera needs to sustain its leadership and competitive advantage in this industry to continue to grow and fend off competitors. One of the best defensive strategies that they can employ is the leverage gained by economies of scale. With these economies they can continue to offer their products on their terms, which give them an advantage over the competition. This in turn gives them more control over the market and the suppliers in this industry. Here they can block avenues for current competitors as well as new entrants. If they can continue to stay on the top of the industry they can continue to employ this defensive strategy. One of the main reasons that Panera Bread is relevant is because of its size. At this point they are one of the largest fast-casual dining businesses and they use this size to stimulate further growth. Continuing to grow gives them the opportunity to generate more revenue if executed well with the right buyers. Revenue is always a great reason for expansion and Panera Bread knows this. They are one of the best in the restaurant industry at recognizing shifts in consumer preferences and being able to make the proper adjustments to satisfy their customers. This is crucial especially in todays world where change is continuous and rapid. As Panera Bread consistently strives to be a leader in product and environmental offerings,  its crucial that they continue to be aware of and progress along with the changing world. Even though they can employ some of these strategies in the future, they cant lose track of their business model for fast-casual dining restaurants in the process. Though Panera Bread has been very successful during this period, there are some strategies which they can enact to stimulate a growth in profits. Unfortunately, with each benefit from an alternative there is always a cost that Panera Bread may or may not be willing to incur. Firstly, Panera Bread could try to vertically integrate their products. This would call for them to pre-pack some of their bread and sandwich products and sell them in local grocery chains across the United States. This strategy would make their products more accessible to the general public even where there are no Panera Bread cafà ©-bakeries nearby. One of the key risks with strategy would be the possibility that product quality would diminish because the products are not being made fresh within the actual bakeries. The second strategic alternative would be the use of mini cafes within retail stores. This strategy has already been implemented by Starbucks with their mini cafes inside of Target retail stores. This would also make the products more accessible to the general public, thus giving Panera Bread more exposure. This strategy would require Panera Bread to train managers within the retail store to be able to handle the proper preparation of their products. Lastly, the third alternative would be acquiring local cafes and transforming them into new cafà ©-bakery locations. This strategy would essentially eliminate competition and create new areas where these products can be accessed. On the other hand, if Panera Bread is unable to conduct full takeovers, there is a risk that they could lose some of the authenticity of their products/services.

Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers

Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’ Connor’s story: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the tale of a vacation gone wrong. The tone of this story is set to be one irony. The story is filled with grotesque but meaningful irony. I this analysis I will guide you through the clues provided by the author, which in the end climax to the following lesson: â€Å"A Good Man† is not shown good by outward appearance, language, thinking, but by a life full of â€Å"good† actions. The story begins with the grandmother trying to persuade the family not to travel towards Florida but perhaps go to Tennessee instead. This is based on the grounds that â€Å"the Misfit†, a escaped criminal is on the loose somewhere in Florida. The Ironic part of this is that the grandmother is the only family member to conceive of bad things happening to the family. She bases this solely on the fact that they were traveling in the same direction as the Misfit. This negative thinking quite possibly could have led to the eventual rendezvous between the convict and the family. The following day the family heads off to Florida. Another major point of irony happens as the story revolves around the grandmothers traditional southern values of respect for other people; especially elders, respect for your home and country. At the same moment as the grandmother is lecturing her grand kids about respecting their home state she sees a young Negro boy and says: â€Å"Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!† (Pg 208). Her hypocrisy becomes evident as she wants the family to do what she says not what she does. It’s when the family gets ready to stop for barbecued sandwiches at Famous Sam’s the first of the Symbolism is the story starts to take shape. Before they reach ... ...nd shot Grandmother pleads and bargains with â€Å"The Misfit†. This plea-bargaining draws to a climax when the Grandmother says â€Å"Why, your one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder.†(218) This stirs something in â€Å"the misfit† and he snaps back and shoots her. The irony at the end of this story is very interesting. O’ Connor forces the reader to wonder which characters are â€Å"Good Men†, perhaps by the end of the story she is trying to convey two points: first, that a discerning â€Å"Good Man† can be very difficult, second that a manipulative, self centered, and hollow character: The Grandmother is a devastating way to be, both for a person individually and for everyone else around them. The reader is at least left wondering if some or all of the clues to irony I provided apply in some way to the outcome of this story. Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’ Connor’s story: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the tale of a vacation gone wrong. The tone of this story is set to be one irony. The story is filled with grotesque but meaningful irony. I this analysis I will guide you through the clues provided by the author, which in the end climax to the following lesson: â€Å"A Good Man† is not shown good by outward appearance, language, thinking, but by a life full of â€Å"good† actions. The story begins with the grandmother trying to persuade the family not to travel towards Florida but perhaps go to Tennessee instead. This is based on the grounds that â€Å"the Misfit†, a escaped criminal is on the loose somewhere in Florida. The Ironic part of this is that the grandmother is the only family member to conceive of bad things happening to the family. She bases this solely on the fact that they were traveling in the same direction as the Misfit. This negative thinking quite possibly could have led to the eventual rendezvous between the convict and the family. The following day the family heads off to Florida. Another major point of irony happens as the story revolves around the grandmothers traditional southern values of respect for other people; especially elders, respect for your home and country. At the same moment as the grandmother is lecturing her grand kids about respecting their home state she sees a young Negro boy and says: â€Å"Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!† (Pg 208). Her hypocrisy becomes evident as she wants the family to do what she says not what she does. It’s when the family gets ready to stop for barbecued sandwiches at Famous Sam’s the first of the Symbolism is the story starts to take shape. Before they reach ... ...nd shot Grandmother pleads and bargains with â€Å"The Misfit†. This plea-bargaining draws to a climax when the Grandmother says â€Å"Why, your one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder.†(218) This stirs something in â€Å"the misfit† and he snaps back and shoots her. The irony at the end of this story is very interesting. O’ Connor forces the reader to wonder which characters are â€Å"Good Men†, perhaps by the end of the story she is trying to convey two points: first, that a discerning â€Å"Good Man† can be very difficult, second that a manipulative, self centered, and hollow character: The Grandmother is a devastating way to be, both for a person individually and for everyone else around them. The reader is at least left wondering if some or all of the clues to irony I provided apply in some way to the outcome of this story.

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Outline TWO indicators of morbidity. Include examples in your answer. Morbidity is the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population. Two indicators of morbidity include: Hospital use, by the cause and number of admissions. It provides a measure of the rates of illness and accidents to the community, major reasons for ill health and information on serious diseases.Yet, it is not descriptive of less serious illnesses and ill health. For example, hospitalisation statistics have limitations as an indicator of morbidity because they treat each episode as a new case rather than having re- admissions of the same condition. Disability and handicap, which is lead to by the incidence of disease or injury. An example of handicap could be an individual injured in an accident which has become impaired, resulting in an abnormal function or loss of physical or mental capacities.This could cause disability by disturbing the individual's normal activity or performance. An ex ample of disability can be loss of ability in verbal communication. . What should consumers consider before choosing complementary and/or alternative health care approaches? (4 Marks) Prior to choosing complementary and/or alternative health care approaches, consumers should investigate the service offered and the credibility of the practitioner.Making informed choices should be completed by gathering information specific to the nature of the alternative medicine, credibility as an effective type of treatment, questioning friends and the community about experiences and recommendations and also the qualifications and experience of practitioners. Alternative medicines have endeavoured the highest quality of treatment by providing courses within the technique. For example, the Bowen Therapy Academy of Australia offers an introductory course followed by a 6 month practitioner course to obtain accreditation. 3. Why is it important to prioritise health issues in Australia?

Prevalence of smoking and drinking Essay

Adolescence, from Latin word adolescere which means â€Å"to grow up† is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development generally occurring between puberty and legal adulthood. It is most closely associated with teenage years. Adolescence is further divided into three more stages, the early (12-14 years old), middle (15-17 years old) and late adolescence (18-20/21 years old). In each stage of human development, there are physical, emotional and physiological changes that happen. This is based from the concept that humans have developmental tasks that should be accomplish per stage. In the adolescence stage, adolescents are in critical stage because teenagers are exposed to a larger environment (Macmillan Dictionary for Students, 1981). Background of the study Nowadays, teenagers that are exposed to different environment are now engaged to smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages for some reasons. The strong association between binge drinking and smoking among adolescents may be attributable, in part, to the fact that both adolescent alcohol use and tobacco use share a number of sociocultural risk factors. Researchers have found that these factors—including family and peer influences, demographics, advertising, economics, and alcohol and tobacco availability—are associated with adolescents’ initial and continued tobacco and alcohol use (Bobo, J. and Corinne Husten, 2000). According to the U. S. Surgeon General Report (1994), approximately 80% of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 18. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers and an estimated 2. 1 million people began smoking on a daily basis in 1997. More than half of these new daily smokers were younger than age 18. This translates to more than 3,000 new youth smokers per day. The rate of youth initiation of daily smoking increased somewhat from 55. 5 to 74. 9 per 1,000 potential new users between 1991 and 1996, but remained level in 1997 (the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse). It is said that young people who come from a lowincome family and have fewer than two adults living in their household are especially at risk for becoming smokers and those with poorer grades and lower self-images are most likely to begin. using tobacco. Over the past decade, there has been virtually no decline in smoking rates among all teens. Among black adolescents, however, the prevalence of smoking has declined dramatically. Most young people who smoke are addicted to nicotine and were reported that they want to quit but are unable to do so (Statistics on Teens, 1994). In 2002, Komro and Toomey said that alcohol use by underage drinkers is a persistent public health problem in the United States, and alcohol is the most commonly used drug among adolescents. Accordingly, numerous approaches have been developed and studied that aim to prevent underage drinking. Alcohol use initiation rates for children rise quickly from age 10 up to about age 13, when they reach more than 50 percent. Subsequently, initiation rates begin to slow again (Kosterman, R. et al. , 2000). Moreover, alcohol is the most commonly used drug among adolescents. According to Epstein, J. et al. , alcohol use continues to be an important public health problem. Recent national survey data indicate that 41% of current 8th graders, 62% of 10th graders, 73% of 12th graders and 85% of college students have used alcohol. Even more troubling is that 11% of 8th graders, 22% of 10th graders, 25% of 12th graders and 40% of college students reported heavy episodic drinking. Domingo and Marquez found large gender differences in the risk-taking behaviors among Filipino adolescents and youths. Men are much more likely than women to drink, smoke, and use drugs. The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior among adolescents and youths is rather common in Asian countries but not in the U. S. In our case, The Philippines has no national law regulating smoking and sale of tobacco products. There is no minimum age requirement for the purchase of cigarettes and no law regulating the advertising and promotion of cigarettes. There is no law that requires the printing of warning labels on cigarette packages. Instead, the National Tobacco Administration (NTA) is supposed to protect and promote the â€Å"balanced and integrated growth† of the tobacco industry. Despite the results of a survey which say that 72 per cent of the polled adult population was supportive of having a legislation banning smoking advertisements. There are more restrictions on drinking than smoking especially of the minors. Those who are less than 18 years old are 2|Page prohibited from purchasing or drinking alcoholic drinks. However, the enforcement of this regulation is weak (Choe, M. and Corazon Raymundo, 2001). Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages among senior high school students specifically: 1. to compare the prevalence of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages between senior students of public and private high school; 2. to contrast the occurrence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior high school males and females; 3. to identify and rank the reasons why senior high school students smoke and drink alcoholic beverages; 4. to determine the awareness status of senior high school students in terms of the effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages on their physiological health; and 5.to identify the effect of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages on the socialization of senior high school students. Review of Related Literature There are different factors affecting different behaviors of adolescents. One social theory studied by Travis Hirschi (1969) is a more general explanation of deviance than deterrence theory, but which is, in turn, primarily restricted to informal social control which comes from individuals being bonded to groups and institutions. 1236 grade 9-13 students from 62 randomly selected classrooms in 3 Canadian schools in the Borough of East York, 1 of Metropolitan Toronto’s 6 municipalities, were surveyed in December 1994 about their alcohol drinking beliefs and behaviors, and related lifestyle behaviors. Findings are based upon the analysis of data from 628 boys and 608 girls, of whom 799 were born in Canada. 24% of the students reported never having tasted alcohol, 22% had tasted alcohol but were not current drinkers, 39% were current moderate drinkers, 11% drank at 3|Page least 5 drinks per occasion at least once per month, and 5% did not answer. The most often stated reasons for not drinking were family upbringing and they believed adverse effects of alcohol consumption upon health, while the most often stated reasons for drinking were because it is an enjoyable experience and to get into a party mood. Respondents’ drinking patterns were significantly related to gender, ethnicity, grade, and the reported drinking habits of parents and friends. Older male adolescents who describe themselves as Canadian are more likely to drink heavily than are students who are younger or female, or self-identify as Asian or European. Current heavy drinkers are at greater risk than other students of engaging in other high-risk behaviors such as drinking and driving, riding with an intoxicated automobile driver, and smoking every day (Feldman et al. , 1999). In one of the surveys in US, half of respondents knew of a place near their school where kids could go to drink and get high during the school day, according to the yearly back-to-school survey, which polled 1,003 12-to-17-years old. And more than one-third said that students had ample opportunity during the school day to drug, drink and smoke without getting caught. Drug use in both public and private schools is on the rise, with 54 percent of private high school students reporting that drugs are available in their schools versus 24 percent in 2002 and 61 percent of students at public schools saying their schools are â€Å"drug infected,† compared with 46 percent in 2002. The researchers looked closely at the role of social media in teen substance use and found 75 percent of surveyed 12 to 17-year-olds said seeing pictures of teens partying with alcohol or marijuana on social networking sites such as Facebook or MySpace encourages them to party similarly (Gardner, 2012). Forty-five percent of teens – almost 11 million – said they have seen such pictures online and 47 percent of those teens said that it seems like pictured teens are having a good time. Teens who have seen these pictures were found to be four times more likely to have used marijuana, more than three times likelier to have used alcohol, and almost three times more likely to have used tobacco (CBSnews, 2012). 4|Page In the awareness of teenagers on the health risks of smoking and drinking, it was found in one of the studies that teenagers think that smoking is more dangerous than smoking. Teen smoking has declined in all three grades included in the study—grades 8, 10, and 12. Still, almost 19 percent of 12th graders reported current (past-month) cigarette use. This decline shows that more teens realize the harm smoking does to your body and are making the decision not to start. Also, teens’ attitudes about smoking have changed. They increasingly prefer to date nonsmokers and believe smoking to be a dirty habit. Likewise, among nearly all grades, trends over the past 5 years showed significant decreases in alcohol use, including first-time use, occasional use, daily use, and binge drinking. As with smoking, this decline may be the result of more teens understanding the risk of drinking alcohol and disapproving of this behavior (The Sara Bellum Blog, 2012). How teenagers feel about themselves plays a significant role in whether they choose to drink or use other drugs, according to a new report released today by SADD and Liberty Mutual Group. The Teens Today 2003 study also reveals that a teen’s â€Å"Sense of Self,† can influence sexual behavior, reaction to peer pressure, and, importantly, be affected by a teen’s relationships with parents (Henderson and Greenberg, 2004). Research has shown that the media over estimates smoking rates and often associates smoking with favorable attributes or situations. Given that the media plays a large role in influencing youth culture, portrayal of smoking in the media is of concern. In order to explore young people’s perceptions of smoking imagery in the media, 16 focus groups were conducted with 117 school students. Participants were asked to rate smoking images selected from audiovisual and print media, and to discuss their perceptions of these images. The results showed that young people perceived smoking in these media selections to be normal and acceptable. They identified with the stress relieving and social aspects of smoking, despite being well aware of the harmful health effects. Its acceptability as part of a ‘cool’ image was also noted. Positive images of smoking in the media have the potential to down play the serious health consequences of smoking by portraying it in a way that young people interpret as a 5|Page normal part of everyday life. They may also encourage a more neutral or tolerant attitude towards smoking among young people and therefore act to counteract other health promotion efforts to reduce teenage smoking (Watson et al., 2003). 6|Page METHODOLOGY The Participants In the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from private and public high schools, a total of forty senior high school students, twenty students comprising of ten male and ten female students from public high school and twenty students comprising of ten male and ten female students from private high school were randomly asked to answer the questionnaires provided by the group. The public school was a public national high school located in Los Banos, Laguna. On the other hand, the private school is a registered private non-sectarian high school in Los Banos, Laguna as well. The respondents have a mean age of 16 years old, ranging from 15-18, having a mode of 16. Measures The most commonly used and most frequently self devised measuring instrument, the questionnaire was used simply to obtain information directly from subject as to make a standardized list of factual information or elicited application that was generalized to a larger population. A one-shot survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument in the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from private and public high schools. It is a usual study design where a single group of individuals is selected for observation over a single, limited time period, usually because they have experienced some factor taken as important in shaping some outcome (Kelly, 2012). And according to Jupp (2012), it is akin to one-off crosssectional design. As shown in Appendix A, a letter to the respondent identifying our topic and informing our objectives were told. Moreover, see Appendix B for the complete copy of the questionnaire used in the study. 7|Page The questionnaire was divided into three parts: Personal information, Physiological status and Lifestyle, and Social Aspect. The Personal information section was used for determining the age, sex, type of school, religion, and parents’ civil status. While in the physiological status and lifestyle section, this would tell us how often the students from private and public schools smoke and drink alcoholic beverages. Also, to find out if the students were aware of the effects that these specific vices can contribute to their health condition. Lastly, the way of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages of the students in terms of having a companion or not while smoking and/or drinking and the perceptions of parents and themselves were determined in the Social Aspect section. The Setting The researchers had entrusted the set of questionnaires to one of the respondents from public and one from private high schools. They were the ones who distributed the set questionnaires to their fellow senior high school classmates. The respondents were a given a whole day time to answer the survey questionnaire. The two entrusted students collected all the completely answered survey questionnaires at the end of the day. Data Analysis In the process of obtaining, the questionnaires were made, distributed and collected again. For a more simple analysis of the data collated, tallying was made in a tabulated manner. The data obtained were computed to get the percentage by dividing the number of score with the sum total of scores and then multiplying it by 100% using the formula: P = f / N x 100% Where: P – Percentage N – Total number of respondents F – Frequency 8|Page And lastly, for an easier glance to the data collected, it will have a graphical presentation in a form of bar graph, pie chart and other usual graphical ways to present the data. In order to identify the reasons why they smoke and what they think their parents perceive them a list of possible choices were mentioned in the questionnaire. These reasons were ranked 1 to 3 by the respondents who are smoking and/or drinking alcoholic beverages. In order to evaluate the rankings, an improvised rubric is formulated. Every number (rank) has an equivalent vote just to differentiate and identify the leading reasons. Rank 1 – 3 points Rank 2 – 2 points Rank 3 – 1 point The highest vote will be assigned as the top reason while the others will be ranked according to the accumulated votes. The tabulated rank can be found on the results and discussion. Other data, including the occurrence, prevalence, frequency, reasons, and perceptions of male and female senior students smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among private and public high schools were tabulated and graphed in order to see the comparison. While in determining the awareness of the students if smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages had an effect on their health condition, and if they were able to gain friends were in a form of poll. 9|Page RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school were determined and observed. As seen in Table 1, the total number of students smoking is 3, with 2 females and 1 male in public school. While 4 students, with 3 males and 1 female in private school. Among the 40 students, 7 of them were smoking. Table 1. Number of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Public Private Subtotal Male 1 3 4 Female 2 1 3 3 4 7 TOTAL As seen in Table 2, the total number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in public school is 6, with 4 males and 2 females. While there are 9 students drinking alcoholic beverages in private school. Among the 40 students, 15 of them were drinking alcoholic beverages. Table 2. Number of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Public Private Subtotal Male 4 6 10 Female 2 3. 5 6 9 15 TOTAL 10 | P a g e The occurrence of male and female students smoking in public and private high school students is shown in Fig. 1. It was observed that there’s a higher number of smoking students in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of smoking students in female category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to smoking. This might be because of the accessibility and affordability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. Smoking 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Male 1. 5 Female 1 0. 5. 0 Private Public Fig. 1. Occurrence of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Conversely, The occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in public and private high school students are shown in Fig. 2.. It was observed that there’s a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to drinking alcoholic beverages. This might be because of the accessibility and affordability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. 11 | P a g e Drinking 7 6 5 4 Male 3 Female 2 1 0 Private Public Fig. 2. Occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Table 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male | Female | | 2 1 Male || | Female | Subtotal 0 0 Private Subtotal 0 3 1 0 TOTAL 0 5 2 0 12 | P a g e 0%. Smoking 0% 29% Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week Occasionally 71% Fig. 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Table 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male ||| Female | | 4 1 1 Male |||| | | Female | | | Subtotal 0 | Private Subtotal 0 5 2 2 TOTAL 0 9 3 3 13 | P a g e Figure 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools 0% Drinking 20%. Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week 20% 60% Occasionally Students involved in smoking in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 5, the most voted reason in public high school was to experiment, and the least was because they imitated it from their parents. On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to experiment also and the least was because of losing weight and media influence. 14 | P a g e Table 5. Rank of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools. Smoking Public Private Rank Votes Reason Rank Votes 6 0 Imitated from parents 2 6 2 5 Peer pressure 3 4 3 3 Media influence (advertisements) 5 0 5 1 Fashionable 4 3 5 1 Form of rebellion 4 3 4 2 Wanting to lose weight 5 0 1 6 To experiment 1 8 18 24 Table 6. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Smoking Rank Reason Votes 1 To experiment 14 2 Peer pressure 9 3 Imitated from parents 6 4 Fashionable 4 4 Form of rebellion 4 5 Media influence (advertisements) 3 6 Wanting to lose weight 2 42. 15 | P a g e Reasons for smoking 7% To experiment 5% 33% 10% Peer Pressure Imitated from parents Fashionable 10% Form of rebellion Media influence 14% 21% Figure 5. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Students involved in drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 7, the most voted reason in public high school was to have good time with friends, and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion. On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to have good time with friends also and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion also. 16 | P a g e Table 7. Rank of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Alcoholic beverages Public Rank Vote Private Reason Rank Vote 1 13 To have good time with friends 1 17 3 5 To experiment, to see what it’s like 2 10 5 2 To feel good, get high 4 7 4 4 Because it tastes good 6 4 2 9 To relax or relieve tension 3 9 7 0 Boredom. 7 0 5 2 To get away from my problems 5 6 7 0 Form of rebellion 7 0 7 0 Influenced by alcoholic parents 8 0 6 1 To get to sleep 7 1 7 0 To fit with a group I like 8 0 7 0 Anger or frustration 8 0 36 54 17 | P a g e Table 8. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Rank Reason Votes 1 To have good time with friends 30 2 To relax or relieve tension 18 3 To experiment, to see what it’s like 15 4 To feel good, get high 9 5 Because it tastes good 8 5 To get away from my problems. 8 6 To get to sleep 2 7 Boredom 0 7 Form of rebellion 0 7 Influenced by alcoholic parents 0 7 To fit with a group I like 0 7 Anger or frustration 0 90 18 | P a g e Reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% To have good time with friends To relax or relieve tension 9% To experiment, to see what it’s like 9% 33% To feel good, get high Because it tastes good To get away from my problems 10% To get to sleep Boredom Form of rebellion 17% Influenced by alcoholic parents 20% To fit with a group I like Anger or frustration Fig. 6. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools High school students are indeed part of the society. However, that does not mean that all of them are aware on certain issues present in the status quo today. Figure7 shows us that in terms of awareness of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health condition, 95% said that they are aware, and 5% said they are not aware. This just means that even though majority knows that this can affect health condition, there are still young students who are blindly exposed to this habit. Aware Not Aware 95% 5% Fig. 7. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health condition 19 | P a g e Figure 8 shows us that in terms of awareness of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition, 100% said that they are aware. Students were able to identify the negative effects of drinking to health condition. 100% Aware Not Aware Fig. 8. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition. While it is important to know the reason why some adolescents smoke and/or drink alcoholic beverages, and after knowing if they were aware that these things affect their health conditions. We also have to look at the perceptions of people around them, and also what they think of themselves. In contrast to awareness of the respondents in the negative effects of smoking and drinking on health condition is their way of performing these vices, either alone, with friends, or both. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 shows the way of drinking and smoking of public and private high school students respectively. It is observed that 53% or the majority of the students engage in drinking with friends, and 80% of them smoke either alone or with friends. This shows the social aspect of the students with their same age group in doing the said activities. 20 | P a g e Do you drink by yourself or with your friends? 0% Alone 47% With friends 53% Both Fig. 9. Way of drinking alcoholic beverages of male and female students among public and private high schools Do you smoke by yourself or with your friends? 0% 20% Alone With friends Both 80% Fig. 10. Way of smoking of male and female students among public and private high schools. 21 | P a g e Table 9. Perception of smokers and/or drinker of people on them Parents Cool || Friends Self 2 ||| 3 |||| 4 0 || 2 | 1 |||||-|||| 9 |||||-||| 8 |||||-| 6 |||| 4 || 2 |||| 4 Addict Good Bad As seen in Fig. 11, the majority of the students answered COOL as what they think their parents thought of them. The least vote was they thought that their parents think their children were bad. This means that even if they’re doing those kinds of vices, their parents still accept them. What your parents think of you? 9% 10% Cool Addict Good 23% 58% Bad Fig. 11. Perception of the respondents on what their parents think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages 22 | P a g e On the other hand, the Fig. 12 shows the perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them in engagement of the said vices. 54% think that their friends consider their activity in a good way because it helps them gain friends, to be able to interact, and to socialize well with other people. It is observed that what they think their friends perceive also had the same result as to how they comprehend themselves when they smoke or drink. What your friends think of you? 13% 20% Cool Addict 13% Good Bad 54% Fig. 12. Perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages It is also important that students can assess themselves even if they are doing some vices. As seen in Figure 13, majority of them still thought that they are good. However, 6% of the students thought they are addicts. Conversely, there is a consensus that 27% thought that they are cool and bad. 23 | P a g e How do you perceive youself? Cool 27% 27% Addict Good 6% Bad 40% Fig. 13. Perception of the respondents on what they perceive on themselves as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages Perceptions are indeed important. But, it is still significant when it comes to application or reality. Are these students still gain friends after all their vices? In a poll seen in Fig. 14, 9 out of 15 said that they gained friends, and 6 out of 15 said that they did not gain friends. Meaning, there people who discriminate or dislike the vices. Or even if it’s okay for them, it is not proper to be exposed earlier. Did you gain friends? Yes No 60%. 40% 9 out of 15 6 out of 15 Fig. 14. A poll showing the effect of drinking and/or smoking on their socialization Seemingly, many committed smokers and/or drinkers showed that they gained friends after having learning how to smoke and/or drink. However, there are still some who don’t. 24 | P a g e LIMITATION AND SIGNIFICANCE Limitation There are certain problems that were encountered in the study. One of which is that the idea that honesty in answering these questionnaires have suffered. The respondents may or may not answer these questionnaires in full honesty. From here, we may have little discrepancies or percentage errors. Significance The significance of this study is for the teenagers to be aware in terms of the effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages on their physiological health. This study can also help the parents of those teenagers to understand more the point of view of teenagers who are engaged to these activities. They can know the cause why teenagers are into smoking and drinking alcoholic beverage. 25 | P a g e SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Summary and Conclusion The study was able to conduct the research on the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school. 18% of the students in both public and private schools are engaged in smoking; however, there are students in private schools who smoke more than students in public schools. It is concluded that the social status of the students is a common factor since private school students have more access to cigarettes and could afford it than those in public schools. It is also determined that the male students in private schools and the female students in public schools are more prone to the said vice and their main reasons were: (1) to experiment; (2) peer pressure; and (3) imitated from their parents. With regards to their way of smoking, the students’ general frequency is 1-2 times a week, and they usually smoke either alone or with peers. Most likely they tend to smoke with their peers because it is their way of socialization. The students also perceive that they are also likely to gain friends when they smoke. It is concluded that the perception of the students to what their parent think of them is â€Å"in-the-trend† when they are engaged in smoking. The majority thinks that their parents consider them as â€Å"cool† or â€Å"sophisticated†. Aside from that, the respondents think that their friends refer to smoking in a good way, causing them to also perceive the same judgment. To summarize the above statements, it is evident that the students in their adolescent stage have more desire to please their peers rather than their parents because they want to have a sense of belonging and they want to socialize more with people of the same age group. Peers are the most important relationship in the teenage years. They engage in different kinds of activities, and one of those are vices. In this stage, the curiosity level of the person is prominent because he/she is able to perceive different kinds of activities from various types of people. Parents are also a factor because they are the ones who nourish their child’s well-being. What they do causes 26 | P a g e various impacts on the child, causing him/her to either imitate it or not. The social status of the students also has an effect on their engagement in vices; it depends on how well they can afford it and on what terms they could get access. On the other hand, not every student in both public and private high schools is aware that smoking can affect their health condition. 5% of the students are still blindly exposed to the effects of smoking; therefore, it is recommended that both kinds of schools should also give the students more knowledge and expose them.

How do Jacobs and Dickens create a foreboding atmosphere and build up tension in The Monkeys Paw and The Signalman Essays

How do Jacobs and Dickens create a foreboding atmosphere and build up tension in The Monkeys Paw and The Signalman Essays How do Jacobs and Dickens create a foreboding atmosphere and build up tension in The Monkeys Paw and The Signalman Paper How do Jacobs and Dickens create a foreboding atmosphere and build up tension in The Monkeys Paw and The Signalman Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Black Monk The Haunting Of Hill House To Build a Fire The main idea of a mystery story is to give the readers something to wonder about. You have to give them the clues one by one and lead your reader to a conclusion they werent expecting. A good mystery story will keep a reader guessing until they see the final twist and then everything they didnt understand before fits into place. This is definitely true in The Signalman. One of the techniques that Dickens uses to create a feeling of uneasiness and tension can be seen right from the very beginning. In the very first paragraph there is a sense of the unexplained: There was something remarkable in his manner of doing so (instead of the signalman looking up to where the narrator stood, he turned himself about, and looked down the Line. ), though I could not have said for my life, what. The vocabulary Dickens uses also adds to the atmosphere and it is well worth a close look at this. Words such as violent, clammier and earthly dead smell build up the sense that the narrator is in a dangerous location and that something terrible is about to happen. This sort of language use can be found throughout the tale. The angry sunset Dickens describes adds to the effect, as does the clammy and wet stones of the way down. These are indicative of a ghost story, and even the tunnel is described in such a way as to make us wonder about it. The description of the tunnel itself could very well remind us of the mouth of hell, which is appropriate because of what happens later in the story. terminating in a gloomy red light, and gloomier entrance to a black tunnel, in whose massive architecture there was a barbarous, depressing, and forbidding air. So little sunlight ever found its way to this spot, that it had an earthy deadly smell; and so much cold wind rushed through it, that it stuck chill to me, as if I had left the natural world. Charles Dickens uses repetition quite a lot to build up the feeling of fear and uneasiness, and this is particularly effective at the end. There is also the description of place, and the damp unpleasantness like he has left the natural world. The colors he uses are often associated with evil, such as red and black, and its with language like this that Dickens makes the audience uneasy and feeling that something is about to go wrong. Any comments on words such as monstrous will be useful, as will the miming of the actions. That is quite a visual effect and gives the full eerie effect at the end when the signalman dies. The repetition of words and phrases adds to the uneasiness of the story Below there! Look out! Look out! For Gods sake, clear the way! The use of the references to the supernatural and the story the signalman tells all add to the feeling of fear. Even the narrator says that he felt a slow touch of a frozen finger tracing out my spine. These are techniques in ghost stories, made more chilling by the fact that they are foreshadowing what is to come. Everything about the place and the signalman seems to be unnatural and uneasy. The spot is isolated and the feeling of fear and unease is built up by the speakers comments: The monstrous thought came into my mind as I perused the fixed eyes and the saturnine face, that this was a spirit, not a man. The signalmans behavior is at times inexplicable and this is contrasted with the exactness with which he does his job. There is definitely something odd about him. His manner seemed to make the place strike colder to me. The man himself is most mysterious, and the narrator was uncertain of whether he was man or spirit or even slightly disturbed because, there was something in the man that daunted me. All this contributes to the building of the tension, as does the eeriness of the signalman believing that he had seen the narrator before, despite the narrators certainty that he had never been there. The signalman himself even suggests some supernatural connection part way into the story. The draw of the signalman is so great that the narrator goes back to hear more. For the first time the specific reference to the gesture of waving frantically to clear the way becomes so important. The signalmans story is chilling. The language is indicative of a ghost story, like damp stains, frozen finger tracing my spine, disagreeable shudder. There are also rational explanations for what had happened. The tales of the appearances of the spectre are fearful, as are the narrators reactions, such as pulling his chair back from the floorboards where the young lady was laid. The wind, personified as wailing, also adds to the effect of the story. There is conflict between what the two people heard and saw the previous evening, but both agree that the spectre is not there now. The signalman gains empathy because he is aware that danger is imminent but he is powerless to do anything. Another technique that is used to prolong the suspense is the fact that the narrator could not see anyone nor hear the bell ring when the signalman claimed the spectre was there. The dismissing of events as a coincidence builds up tension, as we feel sure he is going to be proven wrong. The twist in the tale is so effective because everything has been building towards this, but we did not fully understand what was to happen. The third evening concludes the story. The narrator sees the figure waving in the mouth of the tunnel, but it is not supernatural: The nameless horror that oppressed me, passed in a moment, for in a moment I saw that this appearance of a man was a man indeed. The way Dickens talks directly to the audience in this story, is a good way of fully involving the reader in the mystery. It raises questions that he then leaves unanswered and unravels later. The death was that of the signalman himself, and the visions he had seen had been the premonition of his own death. There is the repetition of the action and also of the words that the signalman said were haunting him. The Monkeys Paw is based upon the unexpected happenings of a supernatural tale. Mr. White meets up with an old war buddy and invites him to his home for an evening visit. The purpose is to complete a story he had told of a monkeys paw and an old fakir. Sergeant-Major Morris has brought the paw with him and tells the story. At the beginning of the story, the mood is mysterious and ominous, created by these details: a cold, wet night; a house in an out-of-the-way place; a visitor tells of faraway places and strange events. Mr. White, his wife and son soon learn that the soldier had his three wishes granted and would rather have the paw destroyed than pass it on to anyone else. When pressed for more details he tells his hosts that the first owner used his third wish to wish for death and that was how he came into possession of the paw. With that he tosses the paw into the fireplace, but Mr. White rushes to the hearth and retrieves it before it is completely destroyed. The soldier leaves and warns them to wish for something sensible. At the sons urging, the father wishes for some money (two hundred pounds). Nothing immediately happens and they turn in for the night. Of course, only trouble can follow. Sergeant- Major Morris has warned the White family that the wishes come true almost like a coincidence, and his reactions to the paw show he is afraid of what it can do he throws it on the fire to destroy it, he turns white when he is telling of its history and is frightened when Mrs. White makes the joke about wishing for four pairs of hands. Once the wish has been made and the paw moved, we fear that gaining the two hundred pounds is not going to be a positive experience for the Whites. The story is neatly divided in three sections and primarily deals with three characters -Mr. White, his wife and their son. In the first section we are introduced to the wish motif and the family makes their first wish. In the second half they make their second wish. In the third and eeriest portion the husband ends their ordeal with a final wish -the only wise wish the family ever made. The old fairy tale motifs are all present and indeed Mrs. White at one point says Sounds like the Arabian Nights. There is some making fun of the whole idea and we get the idea that the family does not totally believe in the powerful magic they have come into contact with. Jacobs describes the son as frivolous and he mocks the idea by telling his father to wish to be an emperor to escape his nagging wife, Mrs. White asks the husband to wish her to have four hands and they all laugh at the prospect of getting what one truly desires. The reader knows only too well that this family is doomed. The foreshadowing events the author uses to prepare the reader for the events to come are: Morris says the paw has a spell on it -foreshadows negative reactions once someone wishes upon it, perhaps even Herberts death; Morris presses Mr. White to throw the paw away which foreshadows bad things to come, including Herberts Death, Herbert sees a vision in the fire and feels a shiver when he grasps the paw which foreshadows his own demise. When Mr. Mrs. White realize that in following the sons suggestion for money they have altered their lives in a horrible way they panic. The money comes to them as compensation for a horrible accident at the factory where their son worked. He has died at the hands of the machinery. Mrs. White immediately wants to wish her son back to life and runs to find the paw. There is a struggle and an argument. The family is beginning to learn that there is strange magic at bother, that they truly can defy the laws of nature. The husband is reluctant but is powerless at the maniacal urging of his wife and when he refuses to make the wish she does so herself. To some extent The Monkeys Paw depends on horror brought about through the death of a main character in the story. Herbert is killed in an accident because of the first wish and we experience revulsion at the thought of him being brought back to life. The story builds up to a climax at the end, and although we understand what will happen next, it has far more impact being left at the pinnacle of the action. It is at this point that Jacobs uses the best tool of the writer of a ghost story -the power of suggestion. We feel the terror of the husband and know the longing of the wife for her son. The terrible knocking at the door, the fact that the wife rushes downstairs while the reader remains upstairs with the husband who dare not move from his spot. While he envisions what must have happened to his son, remembering the accident and imagining something hideous crawling out of a fresh grave, his wife frantically tries to open the door but has trouble with the bolt. The reader is wondering as well: Will she see her son? What will happen to her? What kind of family will they be with a dead son returned from the grave? The word it implies that Mr. White believes whatever is on the other side of the door is not human. He believes perhaps it is his sons dead corpse. The word it creates suspense and a sense of fear. The husband at last makes the final and inevitable wish -the only sensible wish made while the paw was theirs those brief fateful days. And the story ends with an eerie image complete with a poignant sound effect that sends a final frisson up your spine: A cold wind rushed up the staircase and a long loud wail of disappointment and misery from his wife gave him courage to run down to her side, and to the gate beyond. The street lamp flickering opposite shone on a quiet and deserted road. It is certain that the echo of that misery-filled wail reached all the way to the cemetery where no doubt it settled like a mournful shroud on the still undisturbed grave of their hapless son.